bims-auttor Biomed News
on Autophagy and mTOR
Issue of 2019‒08‒18
three papers selected by
Viktor Korolchuk, Newcastle University



  1. Cell Death Differ. 2019 Aug 13.
      β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), one of the best-characterized substrate recognition components of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligase, has two distinct paralogs, β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2, expressed in mammals. Through governing the ubiquitination and degradation of numerous key regulators, β-TrCP1/2 regulates various cellular physiological and pathological processes. However, whether and how these two proteins cross talk and whether they regulate cell autophagy and proliferation in different manners is completely unknown. Herein, we report that β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 are the physiological substrates of SCF E3 ligase and target each other for degradation that is dependent on their β-TrCP degron sequences. Furthermore, glucose deprivation activates AMPK kinase to phosphorylate β-TrCP1 and promotes the subsequent ubiquitination and degradation of β-TrCP1 by β-TrCP2, but does not promote β-TrCP2 degradation by β-TrCP1. Finally, we found that β-TrCP2, not β-TrCP1, preferentially degrades DEPTOR and REDD1, the inhibitors of mTORC1, to activate mTORC1, leading to autophagy inhibition and cell growth. Thus, our study demonstrates that β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 mutually target each other for degradation and that β-TrCP2 acts as a dominant paralog in the regulation of cell autophagy and growth, which might be a promising anticancer target.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-019-0402-x
  2. Cell Rep. 2019 Aug 13. pii: S2211-1247(19)30933-7. [Epub ahead of print]28(7): 1744-1757.e5
      During autophagy, phagophores grow into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show a critical role of Atg2A in phagophore expansion. Atg2A translocates to the phagophore at the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) through a C-terminal 45-amino acid domain that we have termed the MAM localization domain (MLD). Proteomic analysis identifies the outer mitochondrial membrane protein TOM40 as a MLD-interacting partner. The Atg2A-TOM40 interaction is responsible for MAM localization of Atg2A and requires the TOM receptor protein TOM70. In addition, Atg2A interacts with Atg9A by a region within its N terminus. Inhibition of either Atg2A-TOM40 or Atg2A-Atg9A interactions impairs phagophore expansion and accumulates Atg9A-vesicles in the vicinity of autophagic structures. Collectively, we propose a model that the TOM70-TOM40 complex recruits Atg2A to the MAM for vesicular and/or non-vesicular lipid transport into the expanding phagophore to grow the size of autophagosomes for efficient autophagic flux.
    Keywords:  Atg2; Atg9; TOM40; TOM70; autophagosome; autophagy; mitochondria-associated ER membrane; phagophore expansion
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.036
  3. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 12. pii: E3916. [Epub ahead of print]20(16):
      Autophagy (particularly macroautophagy) is a bulk degradation process used by eukaryotic cells in order to maintain adequate energy levels and cellular homeostasis through the delivery of long-lived proteins and organelles to the lysosome, resulting in their degradation. It is becoming increasingly clear that many of the molecular requirements to fulfil autophagy intersect with those of conventional and unconventional membrane trafficking pathways. Of particular interest is the dependence of these processes on multiple members of the Rab family of small GTP binding proteins. Rab33b is a protein that localises to the Golgi apparatus and has suggested functions in both membrane trafficking and autophagic processes. Interestingly, mutations in the RAB33B gene have been reported to cause the severe skeletal disorder, Smith-McCort Dysplasia; however, the molecular basis for Rab33b in this disorder remains to be determined. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the participation of Rab33b and its interacting partners in membrane trafficking and macroautophagy, and speculate on how its function, and dysfunction, may contribute to human disease.
    Keywords:  Rab GTPase; Rab33b; autophagy; membrane traffic
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163916