bims-cagime 2024-09-08 papers

bims-cagime

Biomed News

on Cancer, aging and metabolism

Issue of 2024‒09‒08
38 papers selected by
Kıvanç Görgülü, Technical University of Munich

Loss of p53 and SMAD4 induces adenosquamous subtype pancreatic cancer in the absence of an oncogenic KRAS mutation.
The KRAS mutational spectrum and its clinical implications in pancreatic cancer.
Distinct clinical outcomes and biological features of specific KRAS mutants in human pancreatic cancer.
SREBP-dependent regulation of lipid homeostasis is required for progression and growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Protocol for establishing and evaluating a cancer cachexia mouse model.
A phosphorylation-controlled switch confers cell cycle-dependent protein relocalization.
Drug resistant pancreatic cancer cells exhibit altered biophysical interactions with stromal fibroblasts in imaging studies of 3D co-culture models.
A surge in endogenous spermidine is essential for rapamycin-induced autophagy and longevity.
Lipid- and protein-directed photosensitizer proximity labeling captures the cholesterol interactome.
Global 13C tracing and metabolic flux analysis of intact human liver tissue ex vivo.
MED12 loss activates endogenous retroelements to sensitise immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
Cell blebbing novel therapeutic possibilities to counter metastasis.
A p62-dependent rheostat dictates micronuclei catastrophe and chromosome rearrangements.
LIANA+ provides an all-in-one framework for cell-cell communication inference.
Mechanisms that clear mutations drive field cancerization in mammary tissue.
Modulation of Annexin-Induced Membrane Curvature by Cholesterol and the Anionic Lipid Headgroup during Plasma Membrane Repair.
A common CTRB misfolding variant associated with pancreatic cancer risk causes ER stress and inflammation in mice.
Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals malignant regulatory programs in primary human cancers.
Cancer drug-tolerant persister cells: from biological questions to clinical opportunities.
Regulation of intercellular viscosity by E-cadherin-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR in collective cell migration.
Cellular senescence exacerbates features of aging in the eyes.
Protocol for detecting nitrative stress in biological lipid membranes in murine cells and tissues.
Tutorial: fluorescence lifetime microscopy of membrane mechanosensitive Flipper probes.
SLAPSHOT reveals rapid dynamics of extracellularly exposed proteome in response to calcium-activated plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling.
Ribosomal S6 kinase 1 regulates inflammaging via the senescence secretome.
Multiplexed Glycan Immunofluorescence Identification of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Subpopulations in Both Tumor and Blood Samples.
Analysis of the senescence-associated cell surfaceome reveals potential senotherapeutic targets.
Pancreatic cancer-induced metabolic dysregulation syndrome: clinical profile, proposed mechanisms, and unanswered questions.
Microfluidic measurement of the size and shape of lipid-anchored proteins.
Micronuclear collapse from oxidative damage.
Single-cell analysis of breast cancer metastasis reveals epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity signatures associated with poor outcomes.
De Novo Missense Variations of ATP8B2 Impair Its Phosphatidylcholine Flippase Activity.
Crossing the membrane - what does it take to flip a phospholipid? Structural and biochemical advances on P4-ATPase flippases.
Targeting the tumour vasculature: from vessel destruction to promotion.
Nuclear proteasomes buffer cytoplasmic proteins during autophagy compromise.
Multi-organ transcriptome atlas of a mouse model of relative energy deficiency in sport.
A Ketogenic Diet Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer to Inhibition of Glutamine Metabolism.
A protein expression atlas on tissue samples and cell lines from cancer patients provides insights into tumor heterogeneity and dependencies.

Cell Rep Med. 2024 Aug 29. pii: S2666-3791(24)00432-4. [Epub ahead of print] 101711

Loss of p53 and SMAD4 induces adenosquamous subtype pancreatic cancer in the absence of an oncogenic KRAS mutation.

Daowei Yang, Xinlei Sun, Rohan Moniruzzaman, Hua Wang, Citu Citu, Zhongming Zhao, Ignacio I Wistuba, Huamin Wang, Anirban Maitra, Yang Chen.

  Pancreatic cancer is associated with an oncogenic KRAS mutation in approximately 90% of cases. However, a non-negligible proportion of pancreatic cancer cases harbor wild-type KRAS (KRAS-WT). This study establishes genetically engineered mouse models that develop spontaneous pancreatic cancer in the context of KRAS-WT. The Trp53loxP/loxP;Smad4loxP/loxP;Pdx1-Cre (PPSSC) mouse model harbors KRAS-WT and loss of Trp53/Smad4. The Trp53loxP/loxP;Tgfbr2loxP/loxP;Pdx1-Cre (PPTTC) mouse model harbors KRAS-WT and loss of Trp53/Tgfbr2. We identify that either Trp53/Smad4 loss or Trp53/Tgfbr2 loss can induce spontaneous pancreatic tumor formation in the absence of an oncogenic KRAS mutation. The Trp53/Smad4 loss and Trp53/Tgfbr2 loss mouse models exhibit distinct pancreatic tumor histological features, as compared to oncogenic KRAS-driven mouse models. Furthermore, KRAS-WT pancreatic tumors with Trp53/Smad4 loss reveal unique histological features of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis reveals the distinct tumor immune microenvironment landscape of KRAS-WT (PPSSC) pancreatic tumors as compared with that of oncogenic KRAS-driven pancreatic tumors.

Keywords:  genetically engineered mouse models; pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma; pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis; tumor microenvironment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101711
Cancer Cell. 2024 Aug 20. pii: S1535-6108(24)00293-9. [Epub ahead of print]

The KRAS mutational spectrum and its clinical implications in pancreatic cancer.

Luigi Perelli, Giannicola Genovese, Giulio F Draetta.

In this issue of Cancer Cell, McIntyre et al. show that specific mutations in the KRAS proto-oncogene shape clinical progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Importantly, they find that the KRASG12R mutation is enriched in early-stage PDAC, and it is characterized by distinctly activated molecular programs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.001
Cancer Cell. 2024 Aug 22. pii: S1535-6108(24)00296-4. [Epub ahead of print]

Distinct clinical outcomes and biological features of specific KRAS mutants in human pancreatic cancer.

Caitlin A McIntyre, Adrien Grimont, Jiwoon Park, Yinuo Meng, Whitney J Sisso, Kenneth Seier, Gun Ho Jang, Henry Walch, Victoria G Aveson, David J Falvo, William B Fall, Christopher W Chan, Andrew Wenger, Brett L Ecker, Alessandra Pulvirenti, Rebecca Gelfer, Maria Paz Zafra, Nikolaus Schultz, Wungki Park, Eileen M O'Reilly, Shauna L Houlihan, Alicia Alonso, Erika Hissong, George M Church, Christopher E Mason, Despina Siolas, Faiyaz Notta, Mithat Gonen, Lukas E Dow, William R Jarnagin, Rohit Chandwani.

  KRAS mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are suggested to vary in oncogenicity but the implications for human patients have not been explored in depth. We examined 1,360 consecutive PDAC patients undergoing surgical resection and find that KRASG12R mutations are enriched in early-stage (stage I) disease, owing not to smaller tumor size but increased node-negativity. KRASG12R tumors are associated with decreased distant recurrence and improved survival as compared to KRASG12D. To understand the biological underpinnings, we performed spatial profiling of 20 patients and bulk RNA-sequencing of 100 tumors, finding enhanced oncogenic signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in KRASG12D and increased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in KRASG12R tumors. Orthogonal studies of mouse KrasG12R PDAC organoids show decreased migration and improved survival in orthotopic models. KRAS alterations in PDAC are thus associated with distinct presentation, clinical outcomes, and biological behavior, highlighting the prognostic value of mutational analysis and the importance of articulating mutation-specific PDAC biology.

Keywords:  KRAS; clinical outcomes; genomics; organoids; pancreatic cancer; spatial transcriptomics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.002
Cancer Res Commun. 2024 Sep 06.

SREBP-dependent regulation of lipid homeostasis is required for progression and growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Chiaki T Ishida, Stephanie L Myers, Casie S Kubota, Wei Shao, Meredith R McGuire, Chune Liu, Theodore E Ewachiw, Debaditya Mukhopadhyay, Suqi Ke, Hao Wang, Zeshaan A Rasheed, Robert A Anders, Peter J Espenshade.

Solid tumors undergo metabolic reprogramming when growth outstrips local nutrient supply. Lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids are required for continued tumor cell proliferation, and oncogenic mutations stimulate de novo lipogenesis to support tumor growth. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors control lipid homeostasis by activating genes required for lipid synthesis and uptake. SREBPs have been implicated in the progression of brain, breast, colon, liver, and prostate cancers. However, the role of the SREBP pathway and its central regulator SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been studied in detail. Here, we demonstrated that pancreas-specific knockout of Scap has no effect on mouse pancreas development or function, allowing for examination of the role of Scap in the murine KPC model of PDAC. Notably, heterozygous loss of Scap prolonged survival in KPC mice, and homozygous loss of Scap impaired PDAC tumor progression. Using xenograft models, we showed that SCAP is required for human PDAC tumor growth. Mechanistically, chemical or genetic inhibition of the SREBP pathway prevented PDAC cell growth under low serum conditions due to a lack of lipid supply. Highlighting its clinical importance, the SREBP pathway is broadly required across cancer cell lines, target genes are upregulated in human PDAC tumors, and increased expression of SREBP targets is associated with poor survival in PDAC patients. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SCAP and SREBP pathway activity are required for PDAC cell and tumor growth, identifying SCAP as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-24-0120
STAR Protoc. 2024 Aug 31. pii: S2666-1667(24)00446-5. [Epub ahead of print]5(3): 103281

Protocol for establishing and evaluating a cancer cachexia mouse model.

Zhijun Zhou, Jingxuan Yang, Mingyang Liu, Yu Ren, Xiuhui Shi, Yang Cai, Alex X Arreola, Yi-Ping Li, Yuqing Zhang, Min Li.

  Cancer cachexia mouse models are needed to recapitulate the clinical features of patients with cachexia. Here, we present a protocol for the establishment and evaluation of cancer cachexia mouse models. We delineate the steps in preparing tumor cells for inoculation and surgical procedures. After the establishment of these mouse models, we describe essential techniques to assess cancer cachexia, including grip strength evaluation, tissue collection, and the calculation of cross-sectional areas of muscle tissue. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al.,1 Yang et al.,2 Shi et al.,3 and Zhou et al.4.

Keywords:  Cancer; Cell Biology; Cell culture; Health Sciences; Metabolism; Model Organisms; Systems biology

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103281
Nat Cell Biol. 2024 Aug 29.

A phosphorylation-controlled switch confers cell cycle-dependent protein relocalization.

Xiaofu Cao, Shiying Huang, Mateusz M Wagner, Yuan-Ting Cho, Din-Chi Chiu, Krista M Wartchow, Artur Lazarian, Laura Beth McIntire, Marcus B Smolka, Jeremy M Baskin.

Tools for acute manipulation of protein localization enable elucidation of spatiotemporally defined functions, but their reliance on exogenous triggers can interfere with cell physiology. This limitation is particularly apparent for studying mitosis, whose highly choreographed events are sensitive to perturbations. Here we exploit the serendipitous discovery of a phosphorylation-controlled, cell cycle-dependent localization change of the adaptor protein PLEKHA5 to develop a system for mitosis-specific protein recruitment to the plasma membrane that requires no exogenous stimulus. Mitosis-enabled anchor-away/recruiter system comprises an engineered, 15 kDa module derived from PLEKHA5 capable of recruiting functional protein cargoes to the plasma membrane during mitosis, either through direct fusion or via GFP-GFP nanobody interaction. Applications of the mitosis-enabled anchor-away/recruiter system include both knock sideways to rapidly extract proteins from their native localizations during mitosis and conditional recruitment of lipid-metabolizing enzymes for mitosis-selective editing of plasma membrane lipid content, without the need for exogenous triggers or perturbative synchronization methods.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01495-8
Sci Rep. 2024 Sep 05. 14(1): 20698

Drug resistant pancreatic cancer cells exhibit altered biophysical interactions with stromal fibroblasts in imaging studies of 3D co-culture models.

Eric Struth, Maryam Labaf, Vida Karimnia, Yiran Liu, Gwendolyn Cramer, Joanna B Dahl, Frank J Slack, Kourosh Zarringhalam, Jonathan P Celli.

Interactions between tumor and stromal cells are well known to play prominent roles in progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As knowledge of stromal crosstalk in PDAC has evolved, it has become clear that cancer associated fibroblasts can play both tumor promoting and tumor suppressive roles through a combination of paracrine crosstalk and juxtacrine interactions involving direct physical contact. Another major contributor to dismal survival statistics for PDAC is development of resistance to chemotherapy drugs, though less is known about how the acquisition of chemoresistance impacts upon tumor-stromal crosstalk. Here, we use time lapse imaging and image analysis to study how co-culture geometry impacts interactions between epithelial and stromal cells. We show that extracellular matrix (ECM) overlay cultures in which stromal cells (pancreatic stellate cells, or normal human fibroblasts) are placed adjacent to PDAC cells (PANC1) result in direct heterotypic cell adhesions accompanied by dramatic fibroblast contractility. We analyze these interactions in co-cultures using particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis to quantify cell velocities over the course of time lapse movie sequences. We further contrast co-cultures of PANC1 with those containing a drug resistant subline (PANC1-OR) previously established in our lab and find that heterotypic cell-cell interactions are suppressed in the latter relative to the parental line. We use RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis to identify differential gene expression in PANC1 and PANC1-OR, which shows that negative regulation of cell adhesion molecules, consistent with increased epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), is also correlated with reduction in the hetrotypic cell-cell contact necessary for the contractile behavior observed in drug naïve cultures. Overall these findings elucidate the role of drug-resistance in inhibiting an avenue of stromal crosstalk which is associated with tumor suppression and also help to establish cell culture conditions useful for further mechanistic investigation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71372-9
Autophagy. 2024 Aug 30.

A surge in endogenous spermidine is essential for rapamycin-induced autophagy and longevity.

Sebastian J Hofer, Ioanna Daskalaki, Mahmoud Abdellatif, Ulrich Stelzl, Simon Sedej, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Guido Kroemer, Frank Madeo.

  Acute nutrient deprivation (fasting) causes an immediate increase in spermidine biosynthesis in yeast, flies, mice and humans, as corroborated in four independent clinical studies. This fasting-induced surge in spermidine constitutes the critical first step of a phylogenetically conserved biochemical cascade that leads to spermidine-dependent hypusination of EIF5A (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A), which favors the translation of the pro-macroautophagic/autophagic TFEB (transcription factor EB), and hence an increase in autophagic flux. We observed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the spermidine increase by inhibition of ODC1 (ornithine decarboxylase 1) prevents the pro-autophagic and antiaging effects of fasting in yeast, nematodes, flies and mice. Moreover, knockout or knockdown of the enzymes required for EIF5A hypusination abolish fasting-mediated autophagy enhancement and longevity extension in these organisms. Of note, autophagy and longevity induced by rapamycin obey the same rule, meaning that they are tied to an increase in spermidine synthesis. These findings indicate that spermidine is not only a "caloric restriction mimetic" in the sense that its supplementation mimics the beneficial effects of nutrient deprivation on organismal health but that it is also an obligatory downstream effector of the antiaging effects of fasting and rapamycin.

Keywords:  Aging; MTOR; autophagy; lifespan; rapamycin; spermidine

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2024.2396793
bioRxiv. 2024 Aug 24. pii: 2024.08.20.608660. [Epub ahead of print]

Lipid- and protein-directed photosensitizer proximity labeling captures the cholesterol interactome.

Andrew P Becker, Elijah Biletch, John Paul Kennelly, Ashley R Julio, Miranda Villaneuva, Rohith T Nagari, Daniel W Turner, Nikolas R Burton, Tomoyuki Fukuta, Liujuan Cui, Xu Xiao, Soon-Gook Hong, Julia J Mack, Peter Tontonoz, Keriann M Backus.

The physical properties of cellular membranes, including fluidity and function, are influenced by protein and lipid interactions. In situ labeling chemistries, most notably proximity-labeling interactomics are well suited to characterize these dynamic and often fleeting interactions. Established methods require distinct chemistries for proteins and lipids, which limits the scope of such studies. Here we establish a singlet-oxygen-based photocatalytic proximity labeling platform (POCA) that reports intracellular interactomes for both proteins and lipids with tight spatiotemporal resolution using cell-penetrant photosensitizer reagents. Using both physiologically relevant lipoprotein-complexed probe delivery and genetic manipulation of cellular cholesterol handling machinery, cholesterol-directed POCA captured established and unprecedented cholesterol binding proteins, including protein complexes sensitive to intracellular cholesterol levels and proteins uniquely captured by lipoprotein uptake. Protein-directed POCA accurately mapped known intracellular membrane complexes, defined sterol-dependent changes to the non-vesicular cholesterol transport protein interactome, and captured state-dependent changes in the interactome of the cholesterol transport protein Aster-B. More broadly, we find that POCA is a versatile interactomics platform that is straightforward to implement, using the readily available HaloTag system, and fulfills unmet needs in intracellular singlet oxygen-based proximity labeling proteomics. Thus, we expect widespread utility for POCA across a range of interactome applications, spanning imaging to proteomics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.20.608660
Nat Metab. 2024 Aug 29.

Global 13C tracing and metabolic flux analysis of intact human liver tissue ex vivo.

Nina Grankvist, Cecilia Jönsson, Karin Hedin, Nicolas Sundqvist, Per Sandström, Bergthor Björnsson, Arjana Begzati, Evgeniya Mickols, Per Artursson, Mohit Jain, Gunnar Cedersund, Roland Nilsson.

Liver metabolism is central to human physiology and influences the pathogenesis of common metabolic diseases. Yet, our understanding of human liver metabolism remains incomplete, with much of current knowledge based on animal or cell culture models that do not fully recapitulate human physiology. Here, we perform in-depth measurement of metabolism in intact human liver tissue ex vivo using global 13C tracing, non-targeted mass spectrometry and model-based metabolic flux analysis. Isotope tracing allowed qualitative assessment of a wide range of metabolic pathways within a single experiment, confirming well-known features of liver metabolism but also revealing unexpected metabolic activities such as de novo creatine synthesis and branched-chain amino acid transamination, where human liver appears to differ from rodent models. Glucose production ex vivo correlated with donor plasma glucose, suggesting that cultured liver tissue retains individual metabolic phenotypes, and could be suppressed by postprandial levels of nutrients and insulin, and also by pharmacological inhibition of glycogen utilization. Isotope tracing ex vivo allows measuring human liver metabolism with great depth and resolution in an experimentally tractable system.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-01119-3
Gut. 2024 Aug 31. pii: gutjnl-2024-332350. [Epub ahead of print]

MED12 loss activates endogenous retroelements to sensitise immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.

Yingying Tang, Shijie Tang, Wenjuan Yang, Zhengyan Zhang, Teng Wang, Yuyun Wu, Junyi Xu, Christian Pilarsky, Massimiliano Mazzone, Lei-Wei Wang, Yongwei Sun, Ruijun Tian, Yujie Tang, Yu Wang, Chaochen Wang, Jing Xue.

  OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands as one of the most lethal cancers, marked by its lethality and limited treatment options, including the utilisation of checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy. Epigenetic dysregulation is a defining feature of tumourigenesis that is implicated in immune surveillance, but remains elusive in PDAC.DESIGN: To identify the factors that modulate immune surveillance, we employed in vivo epigenetic-focused CRISPR-Cas9 screen in mouse PDAC tumour models engrafted in either immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice.
RESULTS: Here, we identified MED12 as a top hit, emerging as a potent negative modulator of immune tumour microenviroment (TME) in PDAC. Loss of Med12 significantly promoted infiltration and cytotoxicity of immune cells including CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) and NK1.1+ T cells in tumours, thereby heightening the sensitivity of ICB treatment in a mouse model of PDAC. Mechanistically, MED12 stabilised heterochromatin protein HP1A to repress H3K9me3-marked endogenous retroelements. The derepression of retrotransposons induced by MED12 loss triggered cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and subsequent activation of type I interferon pathways, ultimately leading to robust inflamed TME . Moreover, we uncovered a negative correlation between MED12 expression and immune resposne pathways, retrotransposon levels as well as the prognosis of patients with PDAC undergoing ICB therapy.
CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings underscore the pivotal role of MED12 in remodelling immnue TME through the epigenetic silencing of retrotransposons, offering a potential therapeutic target for enhancing tumour immunogenicity and overcoming immunotherapy resistance in PDAC.

Keywords:  cancer immunobiology; cellular immunity; pancreatic cancer

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332350
Clin Exp Metastasis. 2024 Sep 02.

Cell blebbing novel therapeutic possibilities to counter metastasis.

Weiyi Jia, Marcus Czabanka, Thomas Broggini.

  Cells constantly reshape there plasma membrane and cytoskeleton during physiological and pathological processes (Hagmann et al. in J Cell Biochem 73:488-499, 1999). Cell blebbing, the formation of bulges or protrusions on the cell membrane, is related to mechanical stress, changes in intracellular pressure, chemical signals, or genetic anomalies. These membrane bulges interfere with the force balance of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, the basic components of the cytoskeleton (Charras in J Microsc 231:466-478, 2008). In the past, these blebs with circular structures were considered apoptotic markers (Blaser et al. in Dev Cell 11:613-627, 2006). Cell blebbing activates phagocytes and promotes the rapid removal of intrinsic compartments. However, recent studies have revealed that blebbing is associated with dynamic cell reorganization and alters the movement of cells in-vivo and in-vitro (Charras and Paluch in Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:730-736, 2008). During tumor progression, blebbing promotes invasion of cancer cells into blood, and lymphatic vessels, facilitating tumor progression and metastasis (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Blebbing is a dominant feature of tumor cells generally absent in normal cells. Restricting tumor blebbing reduces anoikis resistance (survival in suspension) (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Hence, therapeutic intervention with targeting blebbing could be highly selective for proliferating pro-metastatic tumor cells, providing a novel therapeutic pathway for tumor metastasis with minimal side effects. Here, we review the association between cell blebbing and tumor cells, to uncover new research directions and strategies for metastatic cancer therapy. Finaly, we aim to identify the druggable targets of metastatic cancer in relation to cell blebbing.

Keywords:  Blebbing; Cancer therapy; Cell migration; Cytoskeletal dynamics; Metastasis; Myosin II migration

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-024-10308-z
Science. 2024 Aug 30. 385(6712): eadj7446

A p62-dependent rheostat dictates micronuclei catastrophe and chromosome rearrangements.

Sara Martin, Simone Scorzoni, Sara Cordone, Alice Mazzagatti, Galina V Beznoussenko, Amanda L Gunn, Melody Di Bona, Yonatan Eliezer, Gil Leor, Tal Ben-Yishay, Alessia Loffreda, Valeria Cancila, Maria Chiara Rainone, Marica Rosaria Ippolito, Valentino Martis, Fabio Bedin, Massimiliano Garrè, Laura Pontano Vaites, Paolo Vasapolli, Simona Polo, Dario Parazzoli, Claudio Tripodo, Alexander A Mironov, Alessandro Cuomo, Uri Ben-David, Samuel F Bakhoum, Emily M Hatch, Peter Ly, Stefano Santaguida.

Chromosomal instability (CIN) generates micronuclei-aberrant extranuclear structures that catalyze the acquisition of complex chromosomal rearrangements present in cancer. Micronuclei are characterized by persistent DNA damage and catastrophic nuclear envelope collapse, which exposes DNA to the cytoplasm. We found that the autophagic receptor p62/SQSTM1 modulates micronuclear stability, influencing chromosome fragmentation and rearrangements. Mechanistically, proximity of micronuclei to mitochondria led to oxidation-driven homo-oligomerization of p62, limiting endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent micronuclear envelope repair by triggering autophagic degradation. We also found that p62 levels correlate with increased chromothripsis across human cancer cell lines and with increased CIN in colorectal tumors. Thus, p62 acts as a regulator of micronuclei and may serve as a prognostic marker for tumors with high CIN.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj7446
Nat Cell Biol. 2024 Sep 02.

LIANA+ provides an all-in-one framework for cell-cell communication inference.

Daniel Dimitrov, Philipp Sven Lars Schäfer, Elias Farr, Pablo Rodriguez-Mier, Sebastian Lobentanzer, Pau Badia-I-Mompel, Aurelien Dugourd, Jovan Tanevski, Ricardo Omar Ramirez Flores, Julio Saez-Rodriguez.

The growing availability of single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics has led to the development of many approaches to infer cell-cell communication, each capturing only a partial view of the complex landscape of intercellular signalling. Here we present LIANA+, a scalable framework built around a rich knowledge base to decode coordinated inter- and intracellular signalling events from single- and multi-condition datasets in both single-cell and spatially resolved data. By extending and unifying established methodologies, LIANA+ provides a comprehensive set of synergistic components to study cell-cell communication via diverse molecular mediators, including those measured in multi-omics data. LIANA+ is accessible at https://github.com/saezlab/liana-py with extensive vignettes ( https://liana-py.readthedocs.io/ ) and provides an all-in-one solution to intercellular communication inference.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01469-w
Nature. 2024 Sep;633(8028): 198-206

Mechanisms that clear mutations drive field cancerization in mammary tissue.

Grand Challenge PRECISION consortium

Oncogenic mutations are abundant in the tissues of healthy individuals, but rarely form tumours1-3. Yet, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. To resolve these mechanisms in mouse mammary tissue, we use lineage tracing to map the fate of wild-type and Brca1-/-;Trp53-/- cells, and find that both follow a similar pattern of loss and spread within ducts. Clonal analysis reveals that ducts consist of small repetitive units of self-renewing cells that give rise to short-lived descendants. This offers a first layer of protection as any descendants, including oncogenic mutant cells, are constantly lost, thereby limiting the spread of mutations to a single stem cell-descendant unit. Local tissue remodelling during consecutive oestrous cycles leads to the cooperative and stochastic loss and replacement of self-renewing cells. This process provides a second layer of protection, leading to the elimination of most mutant clones while enabling the minority that by chance survive to expand beyond the stem cell-descendant unit. This leads to fields of mutant cells spanning large parts of the epithelial network, predisposing it for transformation. Eventually, clone expansion becomes restrained by the geometry of the ducts, providing a third layer of protection. Together, these mechanisms act to eliminate most cells that acquire somatic mutations at the expense of driving the accelerated expansion of a minority of cells, which can colonize large areas, leading to field cancerization.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07882-3
J Phys Chem B. 2024 Aug 30.

Modulation of Annexin-Induced Membrane Curvature by Cholesterol and the Anionic Lipid Headgroup during Plasma Membrane Repair.

Ali Asghar Hakami Zanjani, Malene Laage Ebstrup, Jesper Nylandsted, Himanshu Khandelia.

Annexins (ANXAs), calcium-sensitive phospholipid-binding proteins, are pivotal for cellular membrane repair, which is crucial for eukaryotic cell survival under membrane stress. With their unique trimeric arrangements and crystalline arrays on the membrane surface, ANXA4 and ANXA5 induce membrane curvature and rapidly orchestrate plasma membrane resealing. However, the influence of cholesterol and anionic lipid headgroups on annexin-induced membrane curvature remains poorly understood at the molecular level. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we measured the local curvature-induced underneath ANXA4 and ANXA5 monomers and trimers when they bind to lipid bilayers of distinct lipid compositions: PSPC (20% POPS, 80% POPC), PAPC (20% POPA, 80% POPC), and PSPCCHL (14% POPS, 56% POPC, 30% cholesterol). Laser injury experiments were conducted on MCF7 cells transfected to transiently express fluorescently labeled ANXA4 or ANXA5 to facilitate the examination of protein and lipid accumulation at the damage site. Annexin trimers induce higher curvature than monomers, particularly with cholesterol present. Annexin trimers induce similar curvatures on both PAPC and PSPC membranes. Notably, among monomers, ANXA5 induces the highest curvature on PAPC, suggesting more efficient recruitment of ANXA5 compared with ANXA4 in the early stages of membrane repair near a lesion. Laser injury experiments confirm rapid coaccumulation of phosphatidic acid lipids with ANXA4 and ANXA5 at repair sites, potentially enhancing the accumulation of annexins in the early stages of membrane repair.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02318
bioRxiv. 2024 Jul 24. pii: 2024.07.23.604778. [Epub ahead of print]

A common CTRB misfolding variant associated with pancreatic cancer risk causes ER stress and inflammation in mice.

Cristina Bodas, Irene Felipe, Brice Chanez, Miguel Lafarga, Evangelina López de Maturana, Jaime Martínez-de-Villarreal, Natalia Del Pozo, Marina Malumbres, Pierfrancesco Vargiu, Ana Cayuela, Isabel Peset, Katelyn E Connelly, Jason W Hoskins, Raúl Méndez, Laufey T Amundadottir, Núria Malats, Sagrario Ortega, Francisco X Real.

Objective: Genome wide association studies have identified an exon 6 CTRB2 deletion variant that associates with increased risk of pancreatic cancer. To acquire evidence on its causal role, we developed a new mouse strain carrying an equivalent variant in Ctrb1 , the mouse orthologue of CTRB2 .Design: We used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce a 707bp deletion in Ctrb1 encompassing exon 6 ( Ctrb1 Δexon6 ). This mutation closely mimics the human deletion variant. Mice carrying the mutant allele were extensively profiled at 3 months to assess their phenotype.
Results: Ctrb1Δexon6 mutant mice express a truncated CTRB1 that accumulates in the ER. The pancreas of homozygous mutant mice displays reduced chymotrypsin activity and total protein synthesis. The histological aspect of the pancreas is inconspicuous but ultrastructural analysis shows evidence of dramatic ER stress and cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions. Transcriptomic analyses of the pancreas of mutant mice reveals acinar program down-regulation and increased activity of ER stress-related and inflammatory pathways. Heterozygous mice have an intermediate phenotype. Agr2 is one of the most up-regulated genes in mutant pancreata. Ctrb1 Δexon6 mice exhibit impaired recovery from acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Administration of TUDCA or sulindac partially alleviates the phenotype. A transcriptomic signature derived from the mutant pancreata is significantly enriched in normal human pancreas of CTRB2 exon 6 deletion variant carriers from the GTEx cohort.
Conclusions: This mouse strain provides formal evidence that the Ctrb1 Δexon6 variant causes ER stress and inflammation in vivo , providing an excellent model to understand its contribution to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development and to identify preventive strategies.
SUMMARY BOX: What is already known about this subject?: - CTRB2 is one of the most abundant proteins produced by human pancreatic acinar cells. - A common exon 6 deletion variant in CTRB2 has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. - Misfolding of digestive enzymes is associated with pancreatic pathology.What are the new findings?: - We developed a novel genetic model that recapitulates the human CTRB2 deletion variant in the mouse orthologue, Ctrb1 . - Truncated CTRB1 misfolds and accumulates in the ER; yet, mutant mice display a histologically normal pancreas at 3 months age.- CTRB1 and associated chaperones colocalize in the ER, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus of acinar cells.- Transcriptomics analysis reveals reduced activity of the acinar program and increased activity of pathways involved in ER stress, unfolded protein response, and inflammation.- Mutant mice are sensitized to pancreatic damage and do not recover properly from a mild caerulein-induced pancreatitis.- TUDCA administration partially relieves the ER stress in mutant mice.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?: - The new mouse model provides a tool to identify the mechanisms leading to increased pancreatic cancer risk in CTRB2 exon 6 carriers. - The findings suggest that drugs that cause ER stress relief and/or reduce inflammation might provide preventive opportunities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.23.604778
Science. 2024 Sep 06. 385(6713): eadk9217

Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals malignant regulatory programs in primary human cancers.

Cancer Genome Atlas Analysis Network‡

To identify cancer-associated gene regulatory changes, we generated single-cell chromatin accessibility landscapes across eight tumor types as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Tumor chromatin accessibility is strongly influenced by copy number alterations that can be used to identify subclones, yet underlying cis-regulatory landscapes retain cancer type-specific features. Using organ-matched healthy tissues, we identified the "nearest healthy" cell types in diverse cancers, demonstrating that the chromatin signature of basal-like-subtype breast cancer is most similar to secretory-type luminal epithelial cells. Neural network models trained to learn regulatory programs in cancer revealed enrichment of model-prioritized somatic noncoding mutations near cancer-associated genes, suggesting that dispersed, nonrecurrent, noncoding mutations in cancer are functional. Overall, these data and interpretable gene regulatory models for cancer and healthy tissue provide a framework for understanding cancer-specific gene regulation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adk9217
Nat Rev Cancer. 2024 Sep 02.

Cancer drug-tolerant persister cells: from biological questions to clinical opportunities.

Mariangela Russo, Mengnuo Chen, Elisa Mariella, Haoning Peng, Sumaiyah K Rehman, Elena Sancho, Alberto Sogari, Tzen S Toh, Nathalie Q Balaban, Eduard Batlle, Rene Bernards, Mathew J Garnett, Matthew Hangauer, Eleonora Leucci, Jean-Christophe Marine, Catherine A O'Brien, Yaara Oren, E Elizabeth Patton, Caroline Robert, Susan M Rosenberg, Shensi Shen, Alberto Bardelli.

The emergence of drug resistance is the most substantial challenge to the effectiveness of anticancer therapies. Orthogonal approaches have revealed that a subset of cells, known as drug-tolerant 'persister' (DTP) cells, have a prominent role in drug resistance. Although long recognized in bacterial populations which have acquired resistance to antibiotics, the presence of DTPs in various cancer types has come to light only in the past two decades, yet several aspects of their biology remain enigmatic. Here, we delve into the biological characteristics of DTPs and explore potential strategies for tracking and targeting them. Recent findings suggest that DTPs exhibit remarkable plasticity, being capable of transitioning between different cellular states, resulting in distinct DTP phenotypes within a single tumour. However, defining the biological features of DTPs has been challenging, partly due to the complex interplay between clonal dynamics and tissue-specific factors influencing their phenotype. Moreover, the interactions between DTPs and the tumour microenvironment, including their potential to evade immune surveillance, remain to be discovered. Finally, the mechanisms underlying DTP-derived drug resistance and their correlation with clinical outcomes remain poorly understood. This Roadmap aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the field of DTPs, encompassing past achievements and current endeavours in elucidating their biology. We also discuss the prospect of future advancements in technologies in helping to unveil the features of DTPs and propose novel therapeutic strategies that could lead to their eradication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00737-z
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Sep 10. 121(37): e2405560121

Regulation of intercellular viscosity by E-cadherin-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR in collective cell migration.

Chaoyu Fu, Florian Dilasser, Shao-Zhen Lin, Marc Karnat, Aditya Arora, Harini Rajendiran, Hui Ting Ong, Nai Mui Hoon Brenda, Sound Wai Phow, Tsuyoshi Hirashima, Michael Sheetz, Jean-François Rupprecht, Sham Tlili, Virgile Viasnoff.

  Collective cell migration is crucial in various physiological processes, including wound healing, morphogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Adherens Junctions (AJs) play a pivotal role in regulating cell cohesion and migration dynamics during tissue remodeling. While the role and origin of the junctional mechanical tension at AJs have been extensively studied, the influence of the actin cortex structure and dynamics on junction plasticity remains incompletely understood. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying stress dissipation at junctions are not well elucidated. Here, we found that the ligand-independent phosphorylation of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) downstream of de novo E-cadherin adhesion orchestrates a feedback loop, governing intercellular viscosity via the Rac pathway regulating actin dynamics. Our findings highlight how the E-cadherin-dependent EGFR activity controls the migration mode of collective cell movements independently of intercellular tension. This modulation of effective viscosity coordinates cellular movements within the expanding monolayer, inducing a transition from swirling to laminar flow patterns while maintaining a constant migration front speed. Additionally, we propose a vertex model with adjustable junctional viscosity, capable of replicating all observed cellular flow phenotypes experimentally.

Keywords:  E-cadherin adhesion; EGFR; collective cell migration; intercellular viscosity

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405560121
Aging Biol. 2023 ;pii: 20230014. [Epub ahead of print]1(1):

Cellular senescence exacerbates features of aging in the eyes.

Koji Kitazawa, Kohsaku Numa, Sandip Kumar Patel, Christina D King, Akifumi Matsumoto, Chie Sotozono, Pierre-Yves Desprez, Birgit Schilling, Judith Campisi.

  Aging is a process often associated with various age-related diseases. Senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging, and senescent cells acquire a complex, often pro-inflammatory, secretory phenotype termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we show that ocular surface cells from human cornea become senescent upon X-irradiation, characterized by increased SA-β-gal activity, decreased cell proliferation, increased expression of p16, and disruption of epithelial barrier. Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that human senescent ocular cells acquire a SASP that disrupts epithelial barrier function. During aging in mice, senescent ocular cells accumulate, resulting in decreased epithelial barrier and chronic inflammation. Lacrimal gland excision, which leads to symptoms of dry eye (DE), resulted in corneal opacity associated with severe angiogenesis only in aged mice but not in young mice, and early senolytic treatment protected old DE mice from corneal opacity. In conclusion, senescent cells alter the ocular microenvironment through their SASP and eliminating these cells could represent a potential approach to alleviate symptoms associated with aged ocular surface.

Keywords:  dry eye; lacrimal gland excision; mouse models; ocular surface; proteomics; senescence-associated secretory phenotype

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.59368/agingbio.20230014
STAR Protoc. 2024 Aug 30. pii: S2666-1667(24)00433-7. [Epub ahead of print]5(3): 103268

Protocol for detecting nitrative stress in biological lipid membranes in murine cells and tissues.

Tushar Aggarwal, Alyssa Bellomo, Emily R Stevenson, Julia Herbert, Debra L Laskin, Andrew J Gow, Enver Cagri Izgu.

  Detection of nitrative stress is crucial to understanding redox signaling and pathophysiology. Dysregulated nitrative stress, which generates high levels of peroxynitrite, can damage lipid membranes and cause activation of proinflammatory pathways associated with pulmonary complications. Here, we present a protocol for implementing a peroxynitrite-sensing phospholipid to investigate nitrative stress in murine cells and lung tissue. We detail procedures for sensing ONOO- in stimulated cells, both ex vivo and in vivo, using murine models of acute lung injury (ALI). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gutierrez and Aggarwal et al.1.

Keywords:  Cell Biology; Chemistry; Molecular/Chemical Probes

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103268
Nat Protoc. 2024 Aug 29.

Tutorial: fluorescence lifetime microscopy of membrane mechanosensitive Flipper probes.

Chloé Roffay, Juan Manuel García-Arcos, Pierrik Chapuis, Javier López-Andarias, Falk Schneider, Adai Colom, Caterina Tomba, Ilaria Di Meglio, Katia Barrett, Valentin Dunsing, Stefan Matile, Aurélien Roux, Vincent Mercier.

Measuring forces within living cells remains a technical challenge. In this Tutorial, we cover the development of hydrophobic mechanosensing fluorescent probes called Flippers, whose fluorescence lifetime depends on lipid packing. Flipper probes can therefore be used as reporters for membrane tension via the measurement of changes in their fluorescence lifetime. We describe the technical optimization of the probe for imaging and provide working examples for their characterizations in a variety of biological and in vitro systems. We further provide a guideline to measure biophysical parameters of cellular membranes by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy using Flipper probes, providing evidence that flippers can report long range forces in cells, tissues and organs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-024-01027-6
Commun Biol. 2024 Aug 29. 7(1): 1060

SLAPSHOT reveals rapid dynamics of extracellularly exposed proteome in response to calcium-activated plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling.

Sami T Tuomivaara, Chin Fen Teo, Yuh Nung Jan, Arun P Wiita, Lily Y Jan.

To facilitate our understanding of proteome dynamics during signaling events, robust workflows affording fast time resolution without confounding factors are essential. We present Surface-exposed protein Labeling using PeroxidaSe, H2O2, and Tyramide-derivative (SLAPSHOT) to label extracellularly exposed proteins in a rapid, specific, and sensitive manner. Simple and flexible SLAPSHOT utilizes recombinant soluble APEX2 protein applied to cells, thus circumventing the engineering of tools and cells, biological perturbations, and labeling biases. We applied SLAPSHOT and quantitative proteomics to examine the TMEM16F-dependent plasma membrane remodeling in WT and TMEM16F KO cells. Time-course data ranging from 1 to 30 min of calcium stimulation revealed co-regulation of known protein families, including the integrin and ICAM families, and identified proteins known to reside in intracellular organelles as occupants of the freshly deposited extracellularly exposed membrane. Our data provide the first accounts of the immediate consequences of calcium signaling on the extracellularly exposed proteome.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06729-x
Nat Aging. 2024 Aug 29.

Ribosomal S6 kinase 1 regulates inflammaging via the senescence secretome.

Suchira Gallage, Elaine E Irvine, Jose Efren Barragan Avila, Virinder Reen, Silvia M A Pedroni, Imanol Duran, Vikas Ranvir, Sanjay Khadayate, Joaquim Pombo, Sharon Brookes, Danijela Heide, Gopuraja Dharmalingham, Agharul I Choudhury, Indrabahadur Singh, Nicolás Herranz, Santiago Vernia, Mathias Heikenwalder, Jesús Gil, Dominic J Withers.

Inhibition of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) extends lifespan and improves healthspan in mice, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Cellular senescence is a stable growth arrest accompanied by an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cellular senescence and SASP-mediated chronic inflammation contribute to age-related pathology, but the specific role of S6K1 has not been determined. Here we show that S6K1 deletion does not reduce senescence but ameliorates inflammation in aged mouse livers. Using human and mouse models of senescence, we demonstrate that reduced inflammation is a liver-intrinsic effect associated with S6K deletion. Specifically, we show that S6K1 deletion results in reduced IRF3 activation; impaired production of cytokines, such as IL1β; and reduced immune infiltration. Using either liver-specific or myeloid-specific S6K knockout mice, we also demonstrate that reduced immune infiltration and clearance of senescent cells is a hepatocyte-intrinsic phenomenon. Overall, deletion of S6K reduces inflammation in the liver, suggesting that suppression of the inflammatory SASP by loss of S6K could underlie the beneficial effects of inhibiting this pathway on healthspan and lifespan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00695-z
bioRxiv. 2024 Aug 23. pii: 2024.08.22.609143. [Epub ahead of print]

Multiplexed Glycan Immunofluorescence Identification of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Subpopulations in Both Tumor and Blood Samples.

Braelyn Binkowski, Zachary Klamer, ChongFeng Gao, Ben Staal, Anna Repesh, Hoang-Le Tran, David M Brass, Pamela Bartlett, Steven Gallinger, Maria Blomqvist, J Bradley Morrow, Peter Allen, Chanjuan Shi, Aatur Singhi, Randall Brand, Ying Huang, Galen Hostetter, Brian B Haab.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor heterogeneity impedes the development of biomarker assays suitable for early disease detection that would improve patient outcomes. The CA19-9 glycan is currently used as a standalone biomarker for PDAC. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that cancer cells may display aberrant membrane-associated glycans. We therefore hypothesized that PDAC cancer cell subpopulations could be distinguished by aberrant glycan signatures. We used multiplexed glycan immunofluorescence combined with pathologist annotation and automated image processing to distinguish between PDAC cancer cell subpopulations within tumor tissue. Using a training-set/test-set approach, we found that PDAC cancer cells may be identified by signatures comprising 4 aberrant glycans (VVL, CA19-9, sTRA, and GM2) and that there are three glycan-defined PDAC tumor types: sTRA type, CA19-9 type, and intermixed. To determine whether the aberrant glycan signatures could be detected in blood samples, we developed hybrid glycan sandwich assays for membrane-associated glycans. In both patient-matched tumor and blood samples, the proportion of aberrant glycans detected was consistent. Furthermore, our multiplexed glycan immunofluorescent approach proved to be more sensitive and more specific than CA19-9 alone. Our results provide proof of concept for a novel methodology to improve early PDAC detection and patient outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.22.609143
Aging Cell. 2024 Sep 03. e14312

Analysis of the senescence-associated cell surfaceome reveals potential senotherapeutic targets.

Yushuang Deng, Ting Liu, Enzo Scifo, Tao Li, Kan Xie, Bernd Taschler, Sarah Morsy, Kristina Schaaf, Armin Ehninger, Daniele Bano, Dan Ehninger.

  The accumulation of senescent cells is thought to play a crucial role in aging-associated physiological decline and the pathogenesis of various age-related pathologies. Targeting senescence-associated cell surface molecules through immunotherapy emerges as a promising avenue for the selective removal of these cells. Despite its potential, a thorough characterization of senescence-specific surface proteins remains to be achieved. Our study addresses this gap by conducting an extensive analysis of the cell surface proteome, or "surfaceome", in senescent cells, spanning various senescence induction regimes and encompassing both murine and human cell types. Utilizing quantitative mass spectrometry, we investigated enriched cell surface proteins across eight distinct models of senescence. Our results uncover significant changes in surfaceome expression profiles during senescence, highlighting extensive modifications in cell mechanics and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our research also reveals substantive heterogeneity of senescence, predominantly influenced by cell type and senescence inducer. A key discovery of our study is the identification of four unique cell surface proteins with extracellular epitopes. These proteins are expressed in senescent cells, absent or present at low levels in their proliferating counterparts, and notably upregulated in tissues from aged mice and an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. These proteins stand out as promising candidates for senotherapeutic targeting, offering potential pathways for the detection and strategic targeting of senescent cell populations in aging and age-related diseases.

Keywords:  aging; cell surface proteins; cellular senescence; mass spectrometry; senotherapeutics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14312
Gastroenterology. 2024 Aug 31. pii: S0016-5085(24)05412-X. [Epub ahead of print]

Pancreatic cancer-induced metabolic dysregulation syndrome: clinical profile, proposed mechanisms, and unanswered questions.

LaNisha Patterson, Frederico Gs Toledo, Anirban Maitra, Suresh T Chari.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2024.08.029
Biophys J. 2024 Sep 02. pii: S0006-3495(24)00592-7. [Epub ahead of print]

Microfluidic measurement of the size and shape of lipid-anchored proteins.

Sreeja Sasidharan, Leah Knepper, Emily Ankrom, Gabriel Cucé, Lingyang Kong, Amanda Ratajczak, Wonpil Im, Damien Thévenin, Aurelia Honerkamp-Smith.

The surface of a cell is crowded with membrane proteins. The size, shape, density, and mobility of extracellular surface proteins mediate cell surface accessibility to external molecules, viral particles, and other cells. However, predicting these qualities is not always straightforward, even when protein structures are known. We previously developed an experimental method for measuring flow-driven lateral transport of neutravidin bound to biotinylated lipids in supported lipid bilayers. Here, we use this method to detect hydrodynamic force applied to a series of lipid-anchored proteins with increasing size. We find that the measured force reflects both protein size and shape, making it possible to distinguish these features of intact, folded proteins in their undisturbed orientation and proximity to the lipid membrane. In addition, our results demonstrate that individual proteins are transported large distances by flow forces on the order of femtonewtons, similar in magnitude to the shear forces resulting from blood circulation or from the swimming motion of microorganisms. Similar protein transport across living cells by hydrodynamic force may contribute to biological flow sensing.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2024.08.026
Science. 2024 Aug 30. 385(6712): eadj8691

Micronuclear collapse from oxidative damage.

Melody Di Bona, Yanyang Chen, Albert S Agustinus, Alice Mazzagatti, Mercedes A Duran, Matthew Deyell, Daniel Bronder, James Hickling, Christy Hong, Lorenzo Scipioni, Giulia Tedeschi, Sara Martin, Jun Li, Aušrinė Ruzgaitė, Nadeem Riaz, Parin Shah, Edridge K D'Souza, D Zack Brodtman, Simone Sidoli, Bill Diplas, Manisha Jalan, Nancy Y Lee, Alban Ordureau, Benjamin Izar, Ashley M Laughney, Simon Powell, Enrico Gratton, Stefano Santaguida, John Maciejowski, Peter Ly, Thomas M Jeitner, Samuel F Bakhoum.

Chromosome-containing micronuclei are a hallmark of aggressive cancers. Micronuclei frequently undergo irreversible collapse, exposing their enclosed chromatin to the cytosol. Micronuclear rupture catalyzes chromosomal rearrangements, epigenetic abnormalities, and inflammation, yet mechanisms safeguarding micronuclear integrity are poorly understood. In this study, we found that mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupt micronuclei by promoting a noncanonical function of charged multivesicular body protein 7 (CHMP7), a scaffolding protein for the membrane repair complex known as endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III). ROS retained CHMP7 in micronuclei while disrupting its interaction with other ESCRT-III components. ROS-induced cysteine oxidation stimulated CHMP7 oligomerization and binding to the nuclear membrane protein LEMD2, disrupting micronuclear envelopes. Furthermore, this ROS-CHMP7 pathological axis engendered chromosome shattering known to result from micronuclear rupture. It also mediated micronuclear disintegrity under hypoxic conditions, linking tumor hypoxia with downstream processes driving cancer progression.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj8691
J Clin Invest. 2024 Sep 03. pii: e164227. [Epub ahead of print]134(17):

Single-cell analysis of breast cancer metastasis reveals epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity signatures associated with poor outcomes.

Juliane Winkler, Weilun Tan, Catherine Mm Diadhiou, Christopher S McGinnis, Aamna Abbasi, Saad Hasnain, Sophia Durney, Elena Atamaniuc, Daphne Superville, Leena Awni, Joyce V Lee, Johanna H Hinrichs, Patrick S Wagner, Namrata Singh, Marco Y Hein, Michael Borja, Angela M Detweiler, Su-Yang Liu, Ankitha Nanjaraj, Vaishnavi Sitarama, Hope S Rugo, Norma Neff, Zev J Gartner, Angela Oliveira Pisco, Andrei Goga, Spyros Darmanis, Zena Werb.

  Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. It is unclear how intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) contributes to metastasis and how metastatic cells adapt to distant tissue environments. The study of these adaptations is challenged by the limited access to patient material and a lack of experimental models that appropriately recapitulate ITH. To investigate metastatic cell adaptations and the contribution of ITH to metastasis, we analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of matched primary tumors and metastases from patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer. We found profound transcriptional differences between the primary tumor and metastatic cells. Primary tumors upregulated several metabolic genes, whereas motility pathway genes were upregulated in micrometastases, and stress response signaling was upregulated during progression. Additionally, we identified primary tumor gene signatures that were associated with increased metastatic potential and correlated with patient outcomes. Immune-regulatory control pathways were enriched in poorly metastatic primary tumors, whereas genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition were upregulated in highly metastatic tumors. We found that ITH was dominated by epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which presented as a dynamic continuum with intermediate EMP cell states characterized by specific genes such as CRYAB and S100A2. Elevated expression of an intermediate EMP signature correlated with worse patient outcomes. Our findings identified inhibition of the intermediate EMP cell state as a potential therapeutic target to block metastasis.

Keywords:  Bioinformatics; Breast cancer; Oncology

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI164227
Mol Cell Biol. 2024 Sep 02. 1-16

De Novo Missense Variations of ATP8B2 Impair Its Phosphatidylcholine Flippase Activity.

Hiroyuki Takatsu, Narumi Nishimura, Yusuke Kosugi, Haruo Ogawa, Kazuhisa Nakayama, Estelle Colin, Konrad Platzer, Rami Abou Jamra, Silke Redler, Clément Prouteau, Alban Ziegler, Hye-Won Shin.

  P4-ATPases comprise a family of lipid flippases that translocate lipids from the exoplasmic (or luminal) to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. Of the 14 known human P4-ATPases, ATP8B2 is a phosphatidylcholine flippase at the plasma membrane, but its physiological function is not well understood. Although ATP8B2 could interact with both CDC50A and CDC50B, it required only the CDC50A interaction for its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent transport to the plasma membrane. Three de novo monoallelic missense variations of ATP8B2 were found in patients with intellectual disability. None of these variations affected the interaction of ATP8B2 with CDC50A or its localization to the plasma membrane. However, variations of either of two amino acid residues, which are conserved in all P4-ATPases, significantly reduced the phosphatidylcholine flippase activity of ATP8B2. Furthermore, mutations in the corresponding residues of ATP8B1 and ATP11C were found to decrease their flippase activities toward phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, respectively. These results indicate that the conserved amino acid residues are crucial for the enzymatic activities of the P4-ATPases.

Keywords:  Lipid bilayer; P-type ATPase; flippase

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10985549.2024.2391829
J Biol Chem. 2024 Sep 02. pii: S0021-9258(24)02239-7. [Epub ahead of print] 107738

Crossing the membrane - what does it take to flip a phospholipid? Structural and biochemical advances on P4-ATPase flippases.

Kadambari Vijay Sai, Jyh-Yeuan Lee.

  Membrane asymmetry is critical for maintenance of several different processes such as cell signalling, apoptosis, and vesicular transport in various eukaryotic systems. Flippases of the P4-ATPase family are associated with flipping phospholipids from the luminal or exoplasmic leaflet to the cytosolic leaflet. P4-ATPases belong to the P-type ATPase family, which are activated by phosphorylation and couple ATPase activity to substrate translocation. These proteins possess a transmembrane domain responsible for substrate transport, while the cytosolic machinery perform the necessary ATP hydrolysis for this process. Several high-resolution structures of human or yeast P4-ATPases have recently been resolved, but a comprehensive overview of the changes for reaction cycle in different members was crucial for future research. In this review, we have compiled available data reflecting the reaction cycle-associated changes in conformation of P4-ATPases. Together, this will provide an improved understanding of the similarities and differences between these members, which will drive further structural, functional and computational studies to understand the mechanisms of these flippases.

Keywords:  Cryo‐electron microscopy; Lipid transport; Membrane protein; Membrane structure; P4-ATPase; Phospholipid; Phospholipid vesicle; Sphingolipid; X-Ray crystallography

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107738
Nat Rev Cancer. 2024 Aug 29.

Targeting the tumour vasculature: from vessel destruction to promotion.

Sophie Guelfi, Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke, Gabriele Bergers.

As angiogenesis was recognized as a core hallmark of cancer growth and survival, several strategies have been implemented to target the tumour vasculature. Yet to date, attempts have rarely been so diverse, ranging from vessel growth inhibition and destruction to vessel normalization, reprogramming and vessel growth promotion. Some of these strategies, combined with standard of care, have translated into improved cancer therapies, but their successes are constrained to certain cancer types. This Review provides an overview of these vascular targeting approaches and puts them into context based on our subsequent improved understanding of the tumour vasculature as an integral part of the tumour microenvironment with which it is functionally interlinked. This new knowledge has already led to dual targeting of the vascular and immune cell compartments and sets the scene for future investigations of possible alternative approaches that consider the vascular link with other tumour microenvironment components for improved cancer therapy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00736-0
Nat Cell Biol. 2024 Aug 29.

Nuclear proteasomes buffer cytoplasmic proteins during autophagy compromise.

So Jung Park, Sung Min Son, Antonio Daniel Barbosa, Lidia Wrobel, Eleanna Stamatakou, Ferdinando Squitieri, Gabriel Balmus, David C Rubinsztein.

Autophagy is a conserved pathway where cytoplasmic contents are engulfed by autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes enabling their degradation. Mutations in core autophagy genes cause neurological conditions, and autophagy defects are seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, we have sought to understand the cellular pathway perturbations that autophagy-perturbed cells are vulnerable to by seeking negative genetic interactions such as synthetic lethality in autophagy-null human cells using available data from yeast screens. These revealed that loss of proteasome and nuclear pore complex components cause synergistic viability changes akin to synthetic fitness loss in autophagy-null cells. This can be attributed to the cytoplasm-to-nuclear transport of proteins during autophagy deficiency and subsequent degradation of these erstwhile cytoplasmic proteins by nuclear proteasomes. As both autophagy and cytoplasm-to-nuclear transport are defective in Huntington's disease, such cells are more vulnerable to perturbations of proteostasis due to these synthetic interactions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01488-7
Cell Metab. 2024 Sep 03. pii: S1550-4131(24)00328-0. [Epub ahead of print]36(9): 2015-2037.e6

Multi-organ transcriptome atlas of a mouse model of relative energy deficiency in sport.

Laura van Rosmalen, Jiaoyue Zhu, Geraldine Maier, Erica G Gacasan, Terry Lin, Elena Zhemchuzhnikova, Vince Rothenberg, Swithin Razu, Shaunak Deota, Ramesh K Ramasamy, Robert L Sah, Andrew D McCulloch, Roelof A Hut, Satchidananda Panda.

  Insufficient energy intake to meet energy expenditure demands of physical activity can result in systemic neuroendocrine and metabolic abnormalities in activity-dependent anorexia and relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). REDs affects >40% of athletes, yet the lack of underlying molecular changes has been a hurdle to have a better understanding of REDs and its treatment. To assess the molecular changes in response to energy deficiency, we implemented the "exercise-for-food" paradigm, in which food reward size is determined by wheel-running activity. By using this paradigm, we replicated several aspects of REDs in female and male mice with high physical activity and gradually reduced food intake, which results in weight loss, compromised bone health, organ-specific mass changes, and altered rest-activity patterns. By integrating transcriptomics of 19 different organs, we provide a comprehensive dataset that will guide future understanding of REDs and may provide important implications for metabolic health and (athletic) performance.

Keywords:  REDs; energy intake; exercise-for-food; health and performance; mouse model; negative energy balance; physical activity; relative energy deficiency in sport; transcriptome

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.08.001
bioRxiv. 2024 Jul 23. pii: 2024.07.19.604377. [Epub ahead of print]

A Ketogenic Diet Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer to Inhibition of Glutamine Metabolism.

Omid Hajihassani, Mehrdad Zarei, Asael Roichman, Alexander Loftus, Christina S Boutros, Jonathan Hue, Parnian Naji, Jacob Boyer, Soubhi Tahan, Peter Gallagher, William Beegan, James Choi, Shihong Lei, Christine Kim, Moeez Rathore, Faith Nakazzi, Ishan Shah, Kevin Lebo, Helen Cheng, Anusha Mudigonda, Sydney Alibeckoff, Karen Ji, Hallie Graor, Masaru Miyagi, Ali Vaziri-Gohar, Henri Brunengraber, Rui Wang, Peder J Lund, Luke D Rothermel, Joshua D Rabinowitz, Jordan M Winter.

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and while conventional chemotherapy remains the standard treatment, responses are poor. Safe and alternative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed 1 . A ketogenic diet has been shown to have anti-tumor effects across diverse cancer types but will unlikely have a significant effect alone. However, the diet shifts metabolism in tumors to create new vulnerabilities that can be targeted (1). Modulators of glutamine metabolism have shown promise in pre-clinical models but have failed to have a marked impact against cancer in the clinic. We show that a ketogenic diet increases TCA and glutamine-associated metabolites in murine pancreatic cancer models and under metabolic conditions that simulate a ketogenic diet in vitro. The metabolic shift leads to increased reliance on glutamine-mediated anaplerosis to compensate for low glucose abundance associated with a ketogenic diet. As a result, glutamine metabolism inhibitors, such as DON and CB839 in combination with a ketogenic diet had robust anti-cancer effects. These findings provide rationale to study the use of a ketogenic diet with glutamine targeted therapies in a clinical context.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.19.604377
Nat Cancer. 2024 Sep 03.

A protein expression atlas on tissue samples and cell lines from cancer patients provides insights into tumor heterogeneity and dependencies.

Jun Li, Wei Liu, Kamalika Mojumdar, Hong Kim, Zhicheng Zhou, Zhenlin Ju, Shwetha V Kumar, Patrick Kwok-Shing Ng, Han Chen, Michael A Davies, Yiling Lu, Rehan Akbani, Gordon B Mills, Han Liang.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) are foundational resources in cancer research, providing extensive molecular and phenotypic data. However, large-scale proteomic data across various cancer types for these cohorts remain limited. Here, we expand upon our previous work to generate high-quality protein expression data for approximately 8,000 TCGA patient samples and around 900 CCLE cell line samples, covering 447 clinically relevant proteins, using reverse-phase protein arrays. These protein expression profiles offer profound insights into intertumor heterogeneity and cancer dependency and serve as sensitive functional readouts for somatic alterations. We develop a systematic protein-centered strategy for identifying synthetic lethality pairs and experimentally validate an interaction between protein kinase A subunit α and epidermal growth factor receptor. We also identify metastasis-related protein markers with clinical relevance. This dataset represents a valuable resource for advancing our understanding of cancer mechanisms, discovering protein biomarkers and developing innovative therapeutic strategies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-024-00817-x