bims-cytox1 2024-01-07 papers

Biol Open. 2024 Jan 15. pii: bio060087. [Epub ahead of print]13(1):

The influence of carbon dioxide on cerebral metabolism and oxygen consumption: combining multimodal monitoring with dynamic systems modelling.

David Highton, Matthew Caldwell, Ilias Tachtsidis, Clare E Elwell, Martin Smith, Chris E Cooper.

Hypercapnia increases cerebral blood flow. The effects on cerebral metabolism remain incompletely understood although studies show an oxidation of cytochrome c oxidase, Complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Systems modelling was combined with previously published non-invasive measurements of cerebral tissue oxygenation, cerebral blood flow, and cytochrome c oxidase redox state to evaluate any metabolic effects of hypercapnia. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and cytochrome oxidase redox state were measured with broadband near infrared spectroscopy and cerebral blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Data collected during 5-min hypercapnia in awake human volunteers were analysed using a Fick model to determine changes in brain oxygen consumption and a mathematical model of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism (BrainSignals) to inform on mechanisms. Either a decrease in metabolic substrate supply or an increase in metabolic demand modelled the cytochrome oxidation in hypercapnia. However, only the decrease in substrate supply explained both the enzyme redox state changes and the Fick-calculated drop in brain oxygen consumption. These modelled outputs are consistent with previous reports of CO2 inhibition of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Hypercapnia may have physiologically significant effects suppressing oxidative metabolism in humans and perturbing mitochondrial signalling pathways in health and disease.

Keywords: Brain oxygen consumption; Cytochrome oxidase; Hypercapnia; Mitochondria; Near infrared spectroscopy; Systems modelling

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.060087

Commun Biol. 2024 Jan 05. 7(1): 44

The mitochondrial protease PARL is required for spermatogenesis.

Sarah Schumacher, Laura Klose, Jessica Lambertz, Dieter Lütjohann, Ronald Biemann, Stefanie Kuerten, Lars Fester.

Mitochondrial function plays an important role in the maintenance of male fertility. However, the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial defect-related infertility remain mostly unclear. Here we show that a deficiency of PARL (Parl-/-), a mitochondrial protease, causes complete arrest of spermatogenesis during meiosis I. PARL deficiency led to severe downregulation of proteins of respiratory chain complex IV in testes that did not occur in other tested organs, causing a deficit in complex IV activity and ATP production. Furthermore, Parl-/- testes showed an almost complete loss of HSD17B3, a protein of the sER responsible for the last step in testosterone synthesis. While testosterone production appeared to be restored by overexpression of HSD17B12, loss of the canonical testosterone synthesis led to an upregulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and of LH-regulated responses. These results suggest an important impact of the downstream regulation of mitochondrial defects that manifest in a cell-type-specific manner and extend beyond mitochondria.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05703-3

RNA. 2023 Dec 20. pii: rna.079799.123. [Epub ahead of print]

LARP4 Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Binds Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial mRNAs To Promote Mitochondrial Function.

Benjamin M Lewis, Chae Yun Cho, Hsuan-Lin Her, Orel Mizrahi, Tony Hunter, Gene W Yeo.

Mitochondria-associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged as key contributors to mitochondrial biogenesis and homeostasis. With few examples known, we set out to identify RBPs that regulate nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs (NEMmRNAs). Our systematic analysis of RNA targets of 150 RBPs identified RBPs with a preference for binding NEMmRNAs, including LARP4, a La RBP family member. We show that LARP4's targets are particularly enriched in mRNAs that encode respiratory chain complex proteins (RCCPs) and mitochondrial ribosome proteins (MRPs) across multiple human cell lines. Through quantitative proteomics, we demonstrate that depletion of LARP4 leads to a significant reduction in RCCP and MRP protein levels. Furthermore, we show that LARP4 depletion reduces mitochondrial function, and that LARP4 re-expression rescues this phenotype. Our findings shed light on a novel function for LARP4 as an RBP that binds to and positively regulates NEMmRNAs to promote mitochondrial respiratory function.

Keywords: La module protein; Mitochondria; RNA binding protein; Translation; eCLIP

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.079799.123

BMB Rep. 2024 Jan 05. pii: 6125. [Epub ahead of print]

Mitochondrial genome editing: strategies, challenges, and applications.

Kayeong Lim.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a multicopy genome found in mitochondria, is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations in mtDNA can lead to severe mitochondrial dysfunction in tissues and organs with high energy demand. MtDNA mutations are closely associated with mitochondrial and age-related disease. To better understand the functional role of mtDNA and work toward developing therapeutics, it is essential to advance technology that is capable of manipulating the mitochondrial genome. This review discusses ongoing efforts in mitochondrial genome editing with mtDNA nucleases and base editors, including the tools, delivery strategies, and applications. Future advances in mitochondrial genome editing to address challenges regarding their efficiency and specificity can achieve the promise of therapeutic genome editing.

J Inherit Metab Dis. 2024 Jan 03.

Gene therapy for mitochondrial disorders.

Nandaki Keshavan, Michal Minczuk, Carlo Viscomi, Shamima Rahman.

In this review, we detail the current state of application of gene therapy to primary mitochondrial disorders (PMDs). Recombinant adeno-associated virus-based (rAAV) gene replacement approaches for nuclear gene disorders have been undertaken successfully in more than ten preclinical mouse models of PMDs which has been made possible by the development of novel rAAV technologies that achieve more efficient organ targeting. So far, however, the greatest progress has been made for Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, for which phase 3 clinical trials of lenadogene nolparvovec demonstrated efficacy and good tolerability. Other methods of treating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders have also had traction, including refinements to nucleases that degrade mtDNA molecules with pathogenic variants, including transcription activator-like effector nucleases, zinc-finger nucleases, and meganucleases (mitoARCUS). rAAV-based approaches have been used successfully to deliver these nucleases in vivo in mice. Exciting developments in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology have achieved in vivo gene editing in mouse models of PMDs due to nuclear gene defects and new CRISPR-free gene editing approaches have shown great potential for therapeutic application in mtDNA disorders. We conclude the review by discussing the challenges of translating gene therapy in patients both from the point of view of achieving adequate organ transduction as well as clinical trial design.

Keywords: AAV; CRISPR; LHON; gene editing; gene therapy; mitochondrial disease

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12699