bims-exocan 2023-05-07 papers

Issue of 2023–05–07
five papers selected by
Muhammad Rizwan, COMSATS University

Cell Commun Signal. 2023 May 01. 21(1): 88

Recent advances in the roles of exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) in hematologic neoplasms: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Faride Nam Avar Jahromi, Razieh Dowran, Reza Jafari.

In clinical diagnosis, the capability of exosomes to serve as biomarkers is one of the most important biological functions of exosomes. The superior stability of exosome biomarkers makes them superior to those isolated from traditional samples such as serum and urine. Almost all body fluids contain exosomes, which contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Several molecular components of exosomes, including exosome proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), are promising diagnostic biomarkers. These exosomes may carry genetic information by containing messenger RNA (mRNA) and miRNA. The miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein-coding genes by acting as translational repressors. It has been shown that miRNAs are mis-expressed in a range of conditions, including hematologic neoplasms. Additionally, miRNAs found within exosomes have been linked with specific diseases, including hematologic neoplasms. Numerous studies suggest that circulating exosomes contain miRNAs similar to those found in parental cancer cells. Exosomes contain miRNAs that are released by almost all kinds of cells. MiRNAs are packaged into exosomes and delivered to recipient cells, and manipulate its function. It has been recognized that exosomes are new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy and biomedicine of cancers. The current review discusses the current evidence around exosomal miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hematologic neoplasms. Video Abstract.

Keywords: Biomarker; Drug delivery; Exosomal miRNA; Hematologic neoplasms; Immunotherapy

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01102-7

Thorac Cancer. 2023 May 05.

Tumor-derived exosomal miR-148b-3p mediates M2 macrophage polarization via TSC2/mTORC1 to promote breast cancer migration and invasion.

Chong Hao, Zhimei Sheng, Wenhao Wang, Ruijun Feng, Yuanhang Zheng, Qinpei Xiao, Baogang Zhang.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence has revealed that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and exosomes play a crucial role in the microenvironment for tumor growth. However, the mechanisms through which exosomal miRNAs modulate TAMs and tumor development in breast cancer are not fully understood.
METHODS: We constructed a macrophage model and an indirect coculture system consist of breast cancer cells and macrophages. Exosomes were isolated from BC cells culture supernatant and identified by transmission electron microscopy, Western blot and Nanosight LM10 system. The expression of miR-148b-3p in exosomes was determined by qRT-PCR and the effect of exosomal miR-148b-3p on macrophage polarization was measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The proliferation, migration and invasion of BC cells were estimated by EdU, wound healing assay and transwell assay. We employed bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay and Western blot to identify the target gene of miR-148b-3p. Western blot was used to clarify the mechanism of exosomal miR-148b-3p mediated the crosstalk between BC cells and M2 macrophages.
RESULTS: Cancer-derived exosomes could induce M2 polarization of macrophages, which promoted the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. We found that exosomal miR-148b-3p was overexpressed in breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and correlated with lymph node metastasis, late tumor stage and worse prognosis. Upregulated miR-148b-3p expression in exosomes modulated macrophage polarization by targeting TSC2, which promoted the proliferation and might affect migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that exosomal miR-148b-3p could induce M2 macrophage polarization via the TSC2/mTORC1 signaling pathway in breast cancer.
CONCLUSION: Overall, our study elucidated that miR-148b-3p could be transported by exosomes from breast cancer cells to surrounding macrophages and induced M2 polarization by targeting TSC2, providing novel insights for breast cancer therapy.

Keywords: TSC2; breast cancer; exosomes; macrophage polarization; miR-148b-3p

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14891

Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Apr 27. pii: S0753-3322(23)00560-7. [Epub ahead of print]163 114771

The promising roles of exosomal microRNAs in osteosarcoma: A new insight into the clinical therapy.

Wen Tian, Xiaoying Niu, Feifei Feng, Xin Wang, Jiaqiang Wang, Weitao Yao, Peng Zhang.

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone sarcoma in children. Chemotherapy drugs resistance significantly hinders the overall survival of patients. Due to high biocompatibility and immunocompatibility, exosomes have been explored extensively. Multiple parent cells can actively secrete numerous exosomes, and the membrane structure of exosomes can protect miRNAs from degradation. Based on these characteristics, exosomal miRNAs play an important role in the occurrence, development, drug resistance. Therefore, in-depth exploration of exosome biogenesis and role of exosomal miRNAs will provide new strategies and targets for understanding the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance. Moreover, advancing evidences have showed that engineering modification could attribute stronger targeting to exosomes to deliver cargos to recipient cells more effectively. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs on the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma and the potential to function as tumor biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis prediction. In addition, we also summarize recent advances in the clinical application values of engineering exosomes to provide novel ideas and directions for overcoming the chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma.

Keywords: Drug resistance; Engineering; Exosome; MiRNAs; Osteosarcoma

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114771

Pathol Res Pract. 2023 Apr 13. pii: S0344-0338(23)00165-6. [Epub ahead of print]245 154465

A comprehensive survey into the role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer; from the origin of cancer to the progress and possibility of diagnosis and treatment.

Yalda Farahmand, Pooya M Tehrany, Ahmad Nazari, Zahra Hamidi Nava, Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar, Omid Yazdani, Ali Adili, Romina Esbati, Kimia Ghafouri.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor in the world, which has a high mortality rate due to high invasiveness, early metastases, lack of specific symptoms, and high invasiveness. Recent studies have shown that exosomes can be essential sources of biomarkers in pancreatic cancer. Over the past ten years, exosomes have been implicated in multiple trials to prevent the growth and metastasis of many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Exosomes also play essential roles in immune evasion, invasion, metastasis, proliferation, apoptosis, drug resistance, and cancer stemness. Exosomes help cells communicate by carrying proteins and genetic material, such as non-coding RNAs, including mRNAs and microRNAs. This review examines the biological significance of exosomes in pancreatic cancer and their functions in tumor invasion, metastasis, treatment resistance, proliferation, stemness, and immune evasion. We also emphasize recent advances in our understanding of the main functions of exosomes in diagnosing and treating pancreatic cancer.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Exosomes; Pancreatic cancer; Treatment

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2023.154465

Front Immunol. 2023 ;14 1142539

Role of exosomes in non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

Ding-Yu Rao, De-Fa Huang, Mao-Yan Si, Hua Lu, Zhi-Xian Tang, Zu-Xiong Zhang.

As an important mediator of information transfer between cells, exosomes play a unique role in regulating tumor growth, supporting vascular proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids, and therefore they can be used as a potential tool for non-invasive liquid biopsy. The present study reviews the role of exosomes in liquid biopsy, tumor microenvironment formation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy as a first-line treatment for patients with NSCLC, this study also briefly describes the occurrence of EGRF+ exosomes and the role of exosomes and their contents in non-invasive detection and potential therapeutic targets in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

Keywords: EGFR; epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT); exosome; lung cancer; target therapy; tumor microenvironment (TME)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142539