bims-exocan Biomed News
on Exosomes roles in cancer
Issue of 2023–09–10
fiveteen papers selected by
Muhammad Rizwan, COMSATS University
  1. The role of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes as a novel nanobiotechnology target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
  2. Extracellular vesicles in gastric cancer: role of exosomal lncRNA and microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
  3. Exploring salivary exosomes as early predictors of oral cancer in susceptible tobacco consumers: noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic applications.
  4. Function and clinical application of exosome-how to improve tumor immunotherapy?
  5. Exosomes as a Nano-Carrier for Chemotherapeutics: A New Era of Oncology.
  6. Extracellular Vesicles-A Source of RNA Biomarkers for the Detection of Breast Cancer in Liquid Biopsies.
  7. Exosomal miR-222-3p contributes to castration-resistant prostate cancer by activating mTOR signaling.
  8. EV-miRNA-Mediated Intercellular Communication in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment.
  9. Exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells regulate proliferation and migration of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
  10. Exosomes: potential diagnostic markers and drug carriers for adenomyosis.
  11. Brain-Derived Exosomal miRNA Profiles upon Experimental SAE Rats and Their Comparison with Peripheral Exosomes.
  12. MiR-3529-3p from PDGF-BB-induced cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes promotes the malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
  13. The role of non-coding RNAs in extracellular vesicles in breast cancer and their diagnostic implications.
  14. Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles.
  15. [Retracted] Exosomal miR‑130a‑3p promotes the progression of differentiated thyroid cancer by targeting insulin‑like growth factor 1.
  1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 ;11 1214190
    The role of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes as a novel nanobiotechnology target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
    You Zhou, Yuqing Dong, Aixue Zhang, Jibin Wu, Qiang Sun.
      Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), one of the most common types of stem cells, are involved in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). With the advancement of nanotechnology, exosomes, especially exosomes secreted by MSCs, have been found to play an important role in the initiation and development of tumors. In recent years, nanobiotechnology and bioengineering technology have been gradually developed to detect and identify exosomes for diagnosis and modify exosomes for tumor treatment. Several novel therapeutic strategies bioengineer exosomes to carry drugs, proteins, and RNAs, and further deliver their encapsulated cargoes to cancer cells through the properties of exosomes. The unique properties of exosomes in cancer treatment include targeting, low immunogenicity, flexibility in modification, and high biological barrier permeability. Nevertheless, the current comprehensive understanding of the roles of MSCs and their secreted exosomes in cancer development remain inadequate. It is necessary to better understand/update the mechanism of action of MSCs-secreted exosomes in cancer development, providing insights for better modification of exosomes through bioengineering technology and nanobiotechnology. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of MSCs-secreted exosomes and bioengineered exosomes in the development, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
    Keywords:  biotechnology; cancer diagnosis; cancer therapy; exosomes; mesenchymal stem cells
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1214190
  2. Front Physiol. 2023 ;14 1158839
    Extracellular vesicles in gastric cancer: role of exosomal lncRNA and microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
    Chengyao Jiang, Jianjun Zhang, Wentao Wang, Zexing Shan, Fan Sun, Yuen Tan, Yilin Tong, Yue Qiu.
      Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have emerged as important mediators in the development and progression of gastric cancer. This review discusses the current understanding of the role of EVs, particularly exosomal lncRNA and microRNA, in gastric cancer and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Exosomes are small membrane-bound particles secreted by both cancer cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment. They contain various ncRNA and biomolecules, which can be transferred to recipient cells to promote tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we highlighted the importance of exosomal lncRNA and microRNA in gastric cancer. Exosomal lncRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression by interacting with transcription factors or chromatin-modifying enzymes, which regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. We also discuss the potential use of exosomal lncRNAs and microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer. Exosomes can be isolated from various bodily fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva. They contain specific molecules that reflect the molecular characteristics of the tumor, making them promising candidates for non-invasive diagnostic tests. Finally, the potential of targeting exosomal lncRNAs and microRNAs as a therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer were reviewed as wee. Inhibition of specific molecules within exosomes has been shown to suppress tumor growth and metastasis in preclinical models. In conclusion, this review article provides an overview of the current understanding of the role of exosomal lncRNA and microRNA in gastric cancer. We suggest that further research into these molecules could lead to new diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease.
    Keywords:  biomarker; circRNAs; extracellular vesicles; gastric cancer; nanoparticles
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1158839
  3. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023 Sep 05.
    Exploring salivary exosomes as early predictors of oral cancer in susceptible tobacco consumers: noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic applications.
    Afsareen Bano, Ravina Vats, Deepika Verma, Pooja Yadav, Mala Kamboj, Rashmi Bhardwaj.
       BACKGROUND: Salivary exosome analysis provides a noninvasive and comprehensive approach with potential applications in oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The early detection of oral cancer has remained a critical concern in enhancing the quality of life, especially for individuals who consume tobacco and are at greater risk of developing the disease. The current study investigates the potential of salivary exosomes in screening smokers for early signs and transformations of oral cancer.
    METHODS: Morphological characterization of salivary exosomes among three study groups (non-smokers as control, smokers as high-risk tobacco consumers, and Oral cancer) (n = 120) was carried out through dynamic light scattering, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. For molecular characterization, EXOCET and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods were utilized. The expression of the exosomal surface protein CD63 was evaluated using Western blotting.
    RESULTS: Salivary exosomes exhibit noticeable differences in size between control group and tobacco consumers. The differentiation extended beyond exosome size and included variations in concentration and bio-molecular composition, as determined by FTIR screening. Tobacco consumers and oral cancer groups showed significantly larger and more concentrated exosomes compared to the healthy group.
    CONCLUSION: Our study provides strong evidence that the properties of salivary exosomes can serve as reliable noninvasive biomarkers for distinguishing tobacco consumers from non-smokers and oral cancer patients. Our results underscore the potential of exosome-based diagnostics in early oral cancer detection for high-risk individuals. The larger size and higher concentration of exosomes in tobacco consumers indicate early changes in cell secretions associated with the transformation from healthy to abnormal cells.
    Keywords:  Noninvasive diagnostics; Oral cancer; Salivary exosomes; Smokers; Tobacco consumers
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-05343-4
  4. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023 ;11 1228624
    Function and clinical application of exosome-how to improve tumor immunotherapy?
    Siwen Qin, Jilong Cao, Xiaoxue Ma.
      In recent years, immunotherapy has been increasingly used in clinical practice to treat tumors. However, immunotherapy's efficacy varies between tumor types and patient populations, and long-term drug resistance often occurs during treatment. Therefore, it is essential to explore the molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy to improve its efficacy. In this review, we focus on the significance of tumor-derived exosomes in the clinical treatment of tumors and how modifying these exosomes may enhance immune effectiveness. Specifically, we discuss exosome components, such as RNA, lipids, and proteins, and the role of membrane molecules on exosome surfaces. Additionally, we highlight the importance of engineered exosomes for tumor immunotherapy. Our goal is to propose new strategies to improve the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
    Keywords:  engineered exosomes; exosome contents; exosome membrane molecules; immunotherapy; tumor
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1228624
  5. Cells. 2023 Aug 25. pii: 2144. [Epub ahead of print]12(17):
    Exosomes as a Nano-Carrier for Chemotherapeutics: A New Era of Oncology.
    Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi, Denis Adrián Delvalle, Vitor Rodrigues da Costa, Anderson Lucas Alievi, Michelli Ramires Teixeira, João Rafael Dias Pinto, Irina Kerkis.
      Despite the considerable advancements in oncology, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Drug resistance mechanisms acquired by cancer cells and inefficient drug delivery limit the therapeutic efficacy of available chemotherapeutics drugs. However, studies have demonstrated that nano-drug carriers (NDCs) can overcome these limitations. In this sense, exosomes emerge as potential candidates for NDCs. This is because exosomes have better organotropism, homing capacity, cellular uptake, and cargo release ability than synthetic NDCs. In addition, exosomes can serve as NDCs for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, this review aimed to summarize the latest advances in cell-free therapy, describing how the exosomes can contribute to each step of the carcinogenesis process and discussing how these nanosized vesicles could be explored as nano-drug carriers for chemotherapeutics.
    Keywords:  MSC-Exo; cancer; exosomes (Exo); extracellular vesicles; mesenchymal stem cell (MSC); nano-delivery
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12172144
  6. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Aug 30. pii: 4329. [Epub ahead of print]15(17):
    Extracellular Vesicles-A Source of RNA Biomarkers for the Detection of Breast Cancer in Liquid Biopsies.
    Pawel Zayakin, Lilite Sadovska, Kristaps Eglītis, Nadezhda Romanchikova, Ilze Radoviča-Spalviņa, Edgars Endzeliņš, Inta Liepniece-Karele, Jānis Eglītis, Aija Linē.
      Over the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising source of cancer-derived RNAs for liquid biopsies. However, blood contains a pool of heterogeneous EVs released by a variety of cell types, making the identification of cancer RNA biomarkers challenging. Here, we performed deep sequencing of plasma EV RNA cargo in 32 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (BC) at diagnosis and 7 days after breast surgery and in 30 cancer-free healthy controls (HCs). To identify BC-derived RNA biomarkers, we searched for RNAs that had higher levels in BC EVs at the time of diagnosis compared with HCs and decreased after surgery. Data analysis showed that the fractions of miRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRFs were increased, but the fraction of lncRNAs was decreased in BC EVs as compared to HCs. BC-derived biomarker candidates were identified across various RNA biotypes. Considered individually, they had very high specificity but moderate sensitivity for the detection of BC, whereas a biomarker model composed of eight RNAs: SNORD3H, SNORD1C, SNORA74D, miR-224-5p, piR-32949, lnc-IFT-122-2, lnc-C9orf50-4, and lnc-FAM122C-3 was able to distinguish BC from HC EVs with an AUC of 0.902 (95% CI = 0.872-0.931, p = 3.4 × 10-9) in leave-one-out cross-validation. Furthermore, a number of RNA biomarkers were correlated with the ER and HER2 expression and additional biomarker models were created to predict hormone receptor and HER2 status. Overall, this study demonstrated that the RNA composition of plasma EVs is altered in BC patients and that they contain cancer-derived RNA biomarkers that can be used for BC detection and monitoring using liquid biopsies.
    Keywords:  RNA sequencing; breast cancer; diagnostic biomarker; extracellular vesicles; liquid biopsy; mitochondria-derived EVs; snoRNA
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15174329
  7. Cancer Sci. 2023 Sep 06.
    Exosomal miR-222-3p contributes to castration-resistant prostate cancer by activating mTOR signaling.
    Weixi Wang, Piaoping Kong, Kangle Feng, Chunhua Liu, Xubo Gong, Tao Sun, Xiuzhi Duan, Yiwen Sang, Yu Jiang, Xiang Li, Lingyu Zhang, Zhihua Tao, Weiwei Liu.
      Despite the clinical benefits of androgen deprivation therapy, most patients with advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) eventually relapse and progress to lethal androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC), also termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). MiRNAs can be packaged into exosomes (Exos) and shuttled between cells. However, the roles and mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs involved in CRPC progression have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we find that miR-222-3p is elevated in AIPC cells, which results in remarkable enhancement of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Furthermore, Exos released by AIPC cells can be uptaken by ADPC cells, thus acclimating ADPC cells to progressing to more aggressive cell types in vitro and in vivo through exosomal transfer of miR-222-3p. Mechanistically, Exos-miR-222-3p promoted ADPC cells transformed to AIPC-like cells, at least in part, by activating mTOR signaling through targeting MIDN. Our results show that AIPC cells secrete Exos containing miRNA cargo. These cargos can be transferred to ADPC cells through paracrine mechanisms that have a strong impact on cellular functional remodeling. The current work underscores the great therapeutic potential of targeting Exo miRNAs, either as a single agent or combined with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors for CRPC treatment.
    Keywords:  androgen-independent; exosome; mTOR; miRNA; prostate cancer
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15948
  8. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 23. pii: 13085. [Epub ahead of print]24(17):
    EV-miRNA-Mediated Intercellular Communication in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment.
    Francisca Sepúlveda, Cristina Mayorga-Lobos, Kevin Guzmán, Eduardo Durán-Jara, Lorena Lobos-González.
      Cancer research has prioritized the study of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a crucial area of investigation. Understanding the communication between tumor cells and the various cell types within the TME has become a focal point. Bidirectional communication processes between these cells support cellular transformation, as well as the survival, invasion, and metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer structures secreted by cells that emerge as important mediators of this cell-to-cell communication. EVs transfer their molecular cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids, and particularly microRNAs, which play critical roles in intercellular communication. Tumor-derived EVs, for example, can promote angiogenesis and enhance endothelial permeability by delivering specific miRNAs. Moreover, adipocytes, a significant component of the breast stroma, exhibit high EV secretory activity, which can then modulate metabolic processes, promoting the growth, proliferation, and migration of tumor cells. Comprehensive studies investigating the involvement of EVs and their miRNA cargo in the TME, as well as their underlying mechanisms driving tumoral capacities, are necessary for a deeper understanding of these complex interactions. Such knowledge holds promise for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
    Keywords:  cancer progression; extracellular vesicles; metastasis; miRNAs; small EVs; tumor progression
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713085
  9. Genomics. 2023 Sep 05. pii: S0888-7543(23)00147-7. [Epub ahead of print] 110703
    Exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells regulate proliferation and migration of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
    Bo Ding, Zheng Ye, Han Yin, Xin-Yi Hong, Song-Wei Feng, Jing-Yun Xu, Yang Shen.
      Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) is an essential risk factor for ovarian cancer. Exosomes can mediate cellular communication in the tumour microenvironment, but the interaction of tumour cell exosomes with CAF is less studied in Ovarian cancer. This study identified H19/miR-29c-3p/LOXL2-COL1A1 as a ceRNA regulatory network involved in regulating tumour matrix-associated signaling pathways associated with CAF. Cellular assays demonstrated that exosomes from ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of CAF. The results of mixed transplantation tumour experiments in nude mice showed that exosomes of SKOV3 significantly promoted tumour growth. Ovarian cancer tumour-derived exosomes can regulate CAF proliferation and migration through H19/miR-29c-3p/LOXL2-COL1A1. This study reveals the regulatory role of tumour exosomes on CAF, which may provide a theoretical basis for the development of therapeutic regimens targeting fibroblasts in ovarian cancer.
    Keywords:  CAF; H19; Tumour microenvironment; WGCNA; ceRNA; miR-29c-3p
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110703
  10. Front Pharmacol. 2023 ;14 1216149
    Exosomes: potential diagnostic markers and drug carriers for adenomyosis.
    Wen-Xiu Cheng, Shao-Bin Wei, Yang Zhou, Yu Shao, Mao-Ya Li.
      Adenomyosis is a common benign gynecological disorder and an important factor leading to infertility in fertile women. Adenomyosis can cause deep lesions and is persistent and refractory in nature due to its tumor-like biological characteristics, such as the ability to implant, adhere, and invade. The pathogenesis of adenomyosis is currently unclear. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are urgently required. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells that carry proteins, genetic materials and other biologically active components. Exosomes play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and regulating immune responses and metabolism. A growing body of work has shown that exosomes and their contents are key to the development and progression of adenomyosis. This review discusses the current research progress, future prospects and challenges in this emerging therapeutic tool by providing an overview of the changes in the adenomyosis uterine microenvironment and the biogenesis and functions of exosomes, with particular emphasis on the role of exosomes and their contents in the regulation of cell migration, proliferation, fibrosis formation, neovascularization, and inflammatory responses in adenomyosis.
    Keywords:  adenomyosis; cell proliferation; exosomes; fibrosis formation; pathogenesis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1216149
  11. Mol Neurobiol. 2023 Sep 02.
    Brain-Derived Exosomal miRNA Profiles upon Experimental SAE Rats and Their Comparison with Peripheral Exosomes.
    Qi Xiao, Xiaoqian Yan, Yu Sun, Yuru Tang, Rongyao Hou, Xudong Pan, Xiaoyan Zhu.
      Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction secondary to body infection without overt central nervous system infection. Dysregulation of miRNA expression in the transcriptome can spread through RNA transfer in exosomes, providing an early signal of impending neuropathological changes in the brain. Here, we comprehensively analyzed brain-derived exosomal miRNA profiles in SAE rats (n = 3) and controls (n = 3). We further verified the differential expression and correlation of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma exosomal miRNAs in SAE rats. High-throughput sequencing of brain-derived exosomal miRNAs identified 101 differentially expressed miRNAs, of which 16 were downregulated and 85 were upregulated. Four exosomal miRNAs (miR-127-3p, miR-423-3p, mR-378b, and miR-106-3p) were differentially expressed and correlated in the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma, revealing the potential use of miRNAs as SAE liquid brain biopsies. Understanding exosomal miRNA profiles in SAE brain tissue and exploring the correlation with peripheral exosomal miRNA can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of miRNA changes in the SAE pathological process and provide the possibility of establishing early diagnostic assays.
    Keywords:  Exosome; Sepsis-associated encephalopathy; miRNAs
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03569-4
  12. Discov Oncol. 2023 Sep 05. 14(1): 166
    MiR-3529-3p from PDGF-BB-induced cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes promotes the malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
    Dingyun You, Yanghao Wang, Jianguo Xu, Rongqiang Yang, Weizhou Wang, Xiaofang Wang, Xue Cao, Yiting Li, Lifu Yu, Weihong Wang, Yanan Shi, Changbin Zhang, Hefeng Yang, Yongwen He, Li Bian.
       AIMS: This study aims to explore the role of exosomes from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) induced by PDGF-BB in promoting the malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and provide new insight into the mechanism of OSCC progression and its treatment.
    MAIN METHODS: Exosomes were extracted from human oral mucosa fibroblasts (hOMFs) and CAFs. Differentially expressed miRNAs of exosomes between hOMFs and CAFs were analysed using high-throughput sequencing and self-programmed R software. Cal-27, a human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line, was treated with exosomes. Differentially expressed miRNAs between clinical cancer tissues and adjacent tissues and between hOMF and CAF exosomes were verified by qRT‒PCR. The effect of miR-3529-3p on Cal-27 cells was clarified by overexpressing or knocking down miR-3529-3p in Cal-27 cells. Sample expression and differentially expressed miRNA expression were compared between cancer and paracarcinoma tissues.
    KEY FINDINGS: We found that exosomes from CAFs (CAF-Exos) were internalized by tongue squamous carcinoma cells and promoted their proliferation, migration, invasion, and antiapoptotic effects. MiR-3529-3p was a significant differentially expressed miRNA between CAF-Exos and exosomes from hOMFs (hOMF-Exos). The overexpression of miR-3529-3p promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis of Cal-27 cells.
    SIGNIFICANCE: This study explores the role of PDGF-BB-induced CAFs in promoting malignancy in OSCC. This study will provide new insight into the mechanism of OSCC progression and its treatment.
    Keywords:  Cancer-associated fibroblasts; Exosomes; OSCC; PDGF-BB; miR-3529-3p
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-023-00753-9
  13. Oncogene. 2023 Sep 05.
    The role of non-coding RNAs in extracellular vesicles in breast cancer and their diagnostic implications.
    Mark Samuels, William Jones, Benjamin Towler, Charlotte Turner, Stephen Robinson, Georgios Giamas.
      Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common form of cancer worldwide, responsible for 25% of cancers in women. Whilst treatment is effective and often curative in early BC, metastatic disease is incurable, highlighting the need for early detection. Currently, early detection relies on invasive procedures, however recent studies have shown extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from liquid biopsies may have clinical utility. EVs transport diverse bioactive cargos throughout the body, play major roles in intercellular communication and, importantly, mirror their cell of origin. In cancer cells, EVs alter the behaviour of the tumour microenvironment (TME), forming a bridge of communication between cancerous and non-cancerous cells to alter all aspects of cancer progression, including the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. Through gene regulatory frameworks, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) modulate vital molecular and cellular processes and can act as both tumour suppressors and oncogenic drivers in various cancer types. EVs transport and protect ncRNAs, facilitating their use clinically as liquid biopsies for early BC detection. This review summarises current research surrounding ncRNAs and EVs within BC, focusing on their roles in cancer progression through bi-directional communication with the microenvironment and their diagnostic implications. The role of EV ncRNAs in breast cancer. A representation of the different EV ncRNAs involved in tumourigenic processes in breast cancer. Pro-tumourigenic ncRNAs displayed in green and ncRNAs which inhibit oncogenic processes are shown in red.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-023-02827-y
  14. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 26. pii: 13247. [Epub ahead of print]24(17):
    Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles.
    Anna A Danilushkina, Charles C Emene, Nicolai A Barlev, Marina O Gomzikova.
      Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication through local and systemic transportation of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipids, and organelles within the human body. EVs gained a particular interest from cancer biology scientists because of their role in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment through delivering bioactive molecules. In this respect, EVs represent an attractive therapeutic target and a means for drug delivery. The advantages of EVs include their biocompatibility, small size, and low immunogenicity. However, there are several limitations that restrict the widespread use of EVs in therapy, namely, their low specificity and payload capacity. Thus, in order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and delivery specificity, the surface and composition of extracellular vesicles should be modified accordingly. In this review, we describe various approaches to engineering EVs, and further discuss their advantages and disadvantages to promote the application of EVs in clinical practice.
    Keywords:  EVs functionalization; active loading; click chemistry; drug delivery; electroporation; extracellular vesicles; extrusion; freeze-thawing; glycan modification; peptides; permeabilization; surface modification; ultrasound
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713247
  15. Oncol Lett. 2023 Oct;26(4): 430
    [Retracted] Exosomal miR‑130a‑3p promotes the progression of differentiated thyroid cancer by targeting insulin‑like growth factor 1.
    Guang Yin, Wencheng Kong, Sixin Zheng, Yuqiang Shan, Jian Zhang, Rongchao Ying, Hao Wu.
      [This retracts the article DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12544.].
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.14017
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