bims-exocan 2024-12-01 papers

Issue of 2024–12–01
six papers selected by
Muhammad Rizwan, COMSATS University

Med Oncol. 2024 Nov 27. 42(1): 18

Exosomes in esophageal cancer: function and therapeutic prospects.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells and present in all body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can be used as a tool for cell signaling and have great potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies. This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in EC in recent years, mainly including the mechanism of action, diagnostic markers, therapeutic targets, and drug carriers. The challenges faced are discussed to provide guidelines for further research in future.

Keywords: Diagnostic; Esophageal cancer; Exosome; MicroRNA; Therapeutic

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02543-x

MedComm (2020). 2024 Dec;5(12): e70019

Exosomal circular RNAs in tumor microenvironment: An emphasis on signaling pathways and clinical opportunities.

Junshu Li, Wencheng Zhou, Huiling Wang, Meijuan Huang, Hongxin Deng.

Exosomes can regulate the malignant progression of tumors by carrying a variety of genetic information and transmitting it to target cells. Recent studies indicate that exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate multiple biological processes in carcinogenesis, such as tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug resistance, autophagy, metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune escape. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomal circRNAs can be transferred among tumor cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and microbiota, affecting tumor initiation and progression. Due to the high stability and widespread presence of exosomal circRNAs, they hold promise as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis prediction in blood and urine. In addition, designing nanoparticles targeting exosomal circRNAs and utilizing exosomal circRNAs derived from immune cells or stem cells provide new strategies for cancer therapy. In this review, we examined the crucial role of exosomal circRNAs in regulating tumor-related signaling pathways and summarized the transmission of exosomal circRNAs between various types of cells and their impact on the TME. Finally, our review highlights the potential of exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic prediction biomarkers, as well as suggesting new strategies for clinical therapy.

Keywords: biomarker; circRNA; exosome; tumor microenvironment; tumor therapy

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.70019

MedComm (2020). 2024 Dec;5(12): e70009

Extracellular vesicles in cancers: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies.

Yuxi Ma, Xiaohui Zhang, Cuiwei Liu, Yanxia Zhao.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of various biologically active constituents, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, have emerged as a noteworthy mode of intercellular communication. There are several categories of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, which largely differ in their mechanisms of formation and secretion. The amount of evidence indicated that changes in the EV quantity and composition play a role in multiple aspects of cancer development, such as the transfer of oncogenic signals, angiogenesis, metabolism remodeling, and immunosuppressive effects. As EV isolation technology and characteristics recognition improve, EVs are becoming more commonly used in the early diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness for cancers. Actually, EVs have sparked clinical interest in their potential use as delivery vehicles or vaccines for innovative antitumor techniques. This review will focus on the function of biological molecules contained in EVs linked to cancer progression and their participation in the intricate interrelationship within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the potential efficacy of an EV-based liquid biopsy and delivery cargo for treatment will be explored. Finally, we explicitly delineate the limitations of EV-based anticancer therapies and provide an overview of the clinical trials aimed at improving EV development.

Keywords: biomarkers; cancer; cargo; challenges; delivery vehicles; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; therapy resistance; tumor microenvironment

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.70009

Front Pharmacol. 2024 ;15 1431581

Exploring exosomes: novel diagnostic and therapeutic frontiers in thyroid cancer.

Sicheng Zhang, Yan Yang, Dianri Wang, Xueting Yang, Yongcong Cai, Chunyan Shui, Ruoyi Yang, Wen Tian, Chao Li.

In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has surged globally, posing significant challenges in its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Exosomes, as a class of extracellular vesicles, are secreted by nearly all cell types and encapsulate a variety of nucleic acids and proteins reflective of their cell of origin, thereby facilitating critical intercellular communication. Recent advancements in understanding these exosomes have catalyzed their application in oncology, particularly through uncovering their roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of cancers. Notably, the latest literature highlights the integral role of exosomes in refining diagnostic techniques, enhancing targeted therapies, optimizing radiotherapy outcomes, and advancing immunotherapeutic approaches in thyroid cancer management. This review provides a current synthesis of the implications of exosomes in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and progression, as well as their emerging applications in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the profound clinical potential of exosome-based interventions in managing thyroid cancer, serving as a foundational reference for future therapeutic developments.

Keywords: diagnosis; exosome; therapy; thyroid cancer; tumorigenesis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1431581

Exp Cell Res. 2024 Nov 26. pii: S0014-4827(24)00450-6. [Epub ahead of print] 114359

Exosomal noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in breast cancer pathogenesis and therapy; two sides of the same coin.

Fatma Magdi Ibrahim, Raed Obaid Saleh, Herlina Uinarni, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Soumya V Menon, Khamdamov Baxtiyor Zarifovich, Neeti Misra, Mais Mazin Al-Hamdani, Beneen Husseen, Mohammed Abed Jawad.

Over the past few years, breast cancer has become the most prevalent type of cancer globally, with the primary cause of death from the disease being metastatic cancer. This has led to the development of early detection techniques, mainly using non-invasive biomarkers in a range of body fluids. Exosomes are unique extracellular vesicles (EVs) transmitting cellular signals over great distances via various cargo. They are readily apparent in physiological fluids due to release by breast cancer cells or breast cancer-tumor microenvironment (TME) cells. In light of this, numerous biological and functional facets of human tumours, such as breast cancer, are intimately associated with exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), containing miRNAs (microRNAs), lncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs), and circRNAs (circular RNAs). Exosomal ncRNAs serve a critical role in various steps of breast cancer development, enabling the exchange of genetic information between cancer cells and other cells (e.g., immune cells), thus regulating tumour angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, immune responses and drug resistance. They interact with multiple regulatory complexes with dissimilar enzymatic actions, which, in turn, modify the chromatin sceneries, including nucleosome modifications, DNA methylation, and histone modifications. Herein, we look into the exosomes' underlying regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer. Furthermore, we inspect the existing understanding of the functions of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in breast cancer to authenticate their possible significance in identifying biomarkers, deciphering their role in immune escape and drug resistance, and finally, analyzing treatment practices.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Exosome; Immune responses; Noncoding RNA (ncRNA); Pathogenesis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114359

AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024 Nov 27. 25(8): 276

Advancements in Exosome Proteins for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Detection: With a Focus on Nanotechnology.

Mohamed J Saadh, Afrah Majeed Ahmed Al-Rihaymee, Mandeep Kaur, Abhishek Kumar, Ahmed Faisal Mutee, Ghufran Lutfi Ismaeel, Shirin Shomurotova, Mahmood Hasen Shuhata Alubiady, Hamza Fadhel Hamzah, Zainab Abbas Abd Alhassan, Tuqa S Alazzawi, Khursheed Muzammil, Merwa Alhadrawi.

Breast cancer, a leading cause of mortality among women, has been recognized as requiring improved diagnostic methods. Exosome proteins, found in small extracellular vesicles, have emerged as a promising solution, reflecting the state of their cell of origin and playing key roles in cancer progression. This review examines their potential in breast cancer diagnosis, discussing advanced isolation and characterization techniques such as ultracentrifugation and microfluidic-based approaches. Various detection methods-including electrochemical, nano-based, optical, and machine learning platforms-were evaluated for their high sensitivity, specificity, and non-invasive capabilities. Electrochemical methods were used to identify unique protein signatures for rapid, cost-effective diagnosis, while machine learning enhanced the classification of exosome proteins. Nano-based techniques leveraged nanomaterials to detect low-abundance proteins, and optical methods offered real-time, label-free monitoring. Despite their promise, challenges in standardizing protocols and integrating these diagnostics into clinical practice remain. Future directions include technological advancements, personalized medicine, and exploring the therapeutic potential of exosome proteins.

Keywords: biomarkers; breast cancer; detection; diagnosis; exosomes

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02983-8