bims-glumda Biomed News
on CGM data in management of diabetes
Issue of 2026–06–14
fifteen papers selected by
Mott Given
  1. Associations Between Patient-Reported Outcomes and Glycaemic Exposure in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Users With Insulin-Treated Diabetes Receiving Haemodialysis.
  2. Correction to "Association between continuous glucose monitoring metrics and diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria among Japanese individuals with type 1 diabetes".
  3. Consensus-Based Recommendations on an Optimal Educational Pathway for Diabetes Educators for Training People With Diabetes on Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Saudi Arabia.
  4. Performance and Safety of a 15-Day Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Chinese Adults With Diabetes: A Multicenter Trial.
  5. Advances in diabetes technology: clinical implications, limitations, and future perspectives.
  6. Retrospective Real World Analysis of Insulin Pump and CGM Technologies Utilization in a Large Canadian Type 1 Diabetes Clinic.
  7. GLP-1 receptor agonist adjunct therapy stabilises Ramadan dysglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetes: a CGM-based study.
  8. Glucose-Derived Personalized HbA1c Correction (GDAC) Study to Improve Alignment Between CGM-Derived Metrics and HbA1c in Different Individuals and Racial Groups With Diabetes: Implications for Clinical Practice.
  9. Glycaemic variability and preserved performance in elite futsal players with type 1 diabetes.
  10. Insufficient knowledge and moderate attitudes and practices regarding continuous glucose monitoring among patients with diabetes.
  11. Classification of glucose profile in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes and its association with complications.
  12. Early Assessment of Teplizumab Treatment Response Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
  13. Early Pregnancy Glycemic Testing for Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Large for Gestational Age Birth Weight.
  14. Could fructosamine be used in the glycemic monitoring of individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus?
  15. Mismatch Between Sensor and Symptoms: The Complex Reality of Hypoglycemia Around Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using AID Systems.
  1. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Jun 08.
    Associations Between Patient-Reported Outcomes and Glycaemic Exposure in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Users With Insulin-Treated Diabetes Receiving Haemodialysis.
    Alexandros L Liarakos, Ashveer Randhay, Lalantha Leelarathna, Thomas S J Crabtree, Brett Doleman, Mohamed Tarek Eldehni, Nicholas M Selby, Maarten W Taal, Iskandar Idris, Emma G Wilmot.
       AIMS: To assess key patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in individuals with insulin-treated diabetes receiving haemodialysis and examine associations between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, HbA1c and PROs.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, adults with insulin-treated diabetes receiving haemodialysis and using CGM were recruited. PROs included glucose monitoring satisfaction (GMSS), diabetes distress (DDS-17, PAID), kidney failure-related symptom burden (IPOS-Renal), thirst (Dialysis Thirst Inventory) and hypoglycaemia awareness (Gold score). CGM metrics were defined according to international consensus recommendations. Multivariable regression analyses examined associations between CGM metrics, HbA1c and PROs.
    RESULTS: Forty participants were included. CGM satisfaction was high (median GMSS 4.5 [IQR 3.9-4.7]) with low CGM use-related burden. Overall diabetes distress was low (median DDS-17 1.7 [1.3-2.2]), although emotional burden was frequently reported. Kidney failure-related symptom burden was high. Thirst was common, with 65% of participants reporting problematic thirst. CGM metrics were consistently associated with multiple PROs, whereas HbA1c showed fewer associations. Higher time in range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) was associated with greater CGM satisfaction (total GMSS score; unstandardised coefficient [B] 0.009, p = 0.044), lower regimen-related distress (B - 0.012, p = 0.040) and lower odds of problematic thirst (OR 0.79 per 5% increase, p = 0.021) and intradialytic thirst (OR 0.77, p = 0.017). Higher HbA1c was associated with increased odds of problematic thirst (OR 2.30 per 11 mmol/mol increase, p = 0.014) and nocturnal thirst (OR 1.66, p = 0.040). Most had intact hypoglycaemia awareness (35/40, 87.5%).
    CONCLUSION: In individuals with insulin-treated diabetes receiving haemodialysis, CGM metrics were consistently associated with patient-reported experience, particularly thirst, and may provide clinically relevant insights beyond HbA1c. Further studies should evaluate whether optimising glycaemic exposure translates into improved patient-reported outcomes.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes; diabetes technologies; haemodialysis; patient‐reported outcomes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70954
  2. J Diabetes Investig. 2026 Jun 10.
    Correction to "Association between continuous glucose monitoring metrics and diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria among Japanese individuals with type 1 diabetes".
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.70356
  3. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Jun 08. 19322968261454378
    Consensus-Based Recommendations on an Optimal Educational Pathway for Diabetes Educators for Training People With Diabetes on Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Saudi Arabia.
    Ayman Al Hayek, Abeer Ali Yahya Aljabir, Abdulrahim Alsufyani, Alhanouf Alharthi, Amani Aldhewaila, Fatima Alawami, Hanan Kaki, Khulud Ali Alatawi, Mashael Mohammad Alfotais, Naglaa Helmy.
       BACKGROUND: Advances in diabetes technologies have transformed the management of diabetes in recent decades. The widespread adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has revolutionized diabetes care in Saudi Arabia. Despite rapid technological integration, the clinical landscape lacks unified, Gulf-specific protocols tailored for diabetes educators. Structured educational diabetes technology programs are essential for providing diabetes educators with the knowledge and confidence to support people with diabetes who are using different types of diabetes technologies.
    METHODS: An expert panel of 10 diabetes educators from across Saudi Arabia was formed. Draft statements on an optimal educational pathway for diabetes educators for training people with diabetes on CGM in Saudi Arabia were generated using insights gathered from a survey and a face-to-face meeting. Consensus was reached using the Delphi methodology.
    RESULTS: Consensus was reached on all 7 consensus statements. A structured educational pathway including face-to-face training and interactive e-learning modules, a mentorship program, detailed clinical evidence for CGM, case-based scenarios, hands-on experience, and in-field training was recommended by the experts. Overcoming barriers such as institutional support or funding, availability of training programs, and adequate time for participation are instrumental to the success of a structured educational pathway for educators.
    CONCLUSIONS: This consensus will provide the foundations for the creation of an educational pathway for diabetes educators in Saudi Arabia. Such a pathway will aim to increase diabetes educators' knowledge, skills, and confidence in CGM and improve patient outcomes, including glycemic control and quality of life.
    Keywords:  Saudi Arabia; consensus; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes; education
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261454378
  4. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Jun 12. 19322968261445103
    Performance and Safety of a 15-Day Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Chinese Adults With Diabetes: A Multicenter Trial.
    Mei Zhang, Yibing Lu, Hongwei Ling, Wen Hu, Xuqin Zheng, Mei Huang, Meng Zhao, Xiaoqing Wang, Guanqun Zhang, Yanan Zhang, Tao Yang.
       BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the performance and safety of a 15-day real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) system in Chinese adults with diabetes, focusing on its accuracy and clinical utility for long-term glucose management.
    METHODS: A clinical evaluation was conducted using four rtCGM sensors per participant, with placement sites on both the upper arm and the abdomen. The system's accuracy was assessed using a factory-calibrated model. Primary outcomes included the mean absolute relative difference (MARD), the 20/20% agreement rate, and the proportions of Clarke and Consensus Error Grid in zones A+B.
    RESULTS: A total of 74 participants were screened. The MARD values were 8.44% for the upper arm and 8.91% for the abdomen under factory-calibrated model. The 20/20% agreement rates were 95.78% for the upper arm and 94.41% for the abdomen under factory-calibrated model. The Clarke and Consensus Error Grid A+B proportions were 99.53% and 99.96% for the upper arm, and 99.46% and 99.82% for the abdomen under factory-calibrated model, respectively.
    CONCLUSION: The CGM system showed high accuracy, robust alert performance, stable repeatability, and favorable safety over 15 days in Chinese adults with diabetes, supporting its clinical utility for glucose monitoring in these adult patients.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261445103
  5. Hormones (Athens). 2026 Jun 12.
    Advances in diabetes technology: clinical implications, limitations, and future perspectives.
    Maria Apostolopoulou, Grigorios Effraimidis.
      Diabetes technology has transformed substantially over the past two decades, becoming central to modern diabetes management. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and smart insulin pens have reshaped both the assessment of glycemic control and diabetes treatment, particularly in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and selected individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2D). Among these technologies, CGM represents a major paradigm shift, providing continuous insight into glucose trends, variability, and time spent within clinically meaningful glycemic ranges, thereby complementing-and in many cases replacing-traditional self-monitoring of blood glucose. This narrative review summarizes evidence from randomized controlled trials and real-world studies regarding the evolution of CGM technology, insulin delivery strategies-including conventional insulin pumps, sensor-augmented pumps, and hybrid closed-loop systems-and the application of these technologies in specific clinical contexts, such as pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and perioperative and inpatient settings. While these systems offer clear metabolic and psychosocial benefits, important limitations remain, particularly those related to delayed insulin pharmacokinetics, sensor lag during rapid glucose changes, and user-dependent factors. Emerging developments, including fully closed-loop and dual-hormone systems as well as the growing role of artificial intelligence in CGM data analysis and risk prediction are also explored. Future development is expected to focus on improved personalization, tighter integration of technologies, and a transition toward more predictive and proactive diabetes care.
    Keywords:  Automated insulin delivery; Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes technology; Insulin pump therapy; Smart insulin pens
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-026-00797-w
  6. Can J Diabetes. 2026 Jun 10. pii: S1499-2671(26)00103-6. [Epub ahead of print]
    Retrospective Real World Analysis of Insulin Pump and CGM Technologies Utilization in a Large Canadian Type 1 Diabetes Clinic.
    Karl Vantomme, Samin Dolatabadi, Bikrampal Sidhu, Wilma M Hopman, Robyn L Houlden.
       OBJECTIVES: We performed a retrospective real-world analysis of a large outpatient adult type 1 diabetes clinic to assess patterns of use of diabetes technologies and their impact on glycemic metrics.
    METHODS: Data from the most recent clinic visit between January 2024 and April 2025 was used to capture diabetes technologies used, A1C, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, and incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Level 3 hypoglycemia during the prior year.
    RESULTS: 794 people were identified: females 56.7%, mean age 45.6 years (SD 16.8), mean diabetes duration 25.5 years (SD 14.9), Basal Bolus Insulin (BBI) use 24%, and pump use 76%. CGM was used by 81.2% of BBI and 93.4% of pump users. Mean pump duration was 11.3 years (SD 6.9). Automated insulin delivery (AID) was used by 58.7% of pump users: Tandem Control IQ 78%, Medtronic SmartGuard 19.2%, and Omnipod with Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Looping 2.8%. Level 3 hypoglycemia/DKA rates were low and insufficient for comparison. Of pump users utilizing CGM, 35.2% were using CGM not compatible with their pump AID. A1C did not differ between BBI without CGM and pump without CGM, as well as BBI with CGM and open-loop pump with CGM. Use of AID was associated with lower A1C; more Time in Range; less Time Below Range and Time Above Range; and less glycemic variability.
    CONCLUSIONS: In this large real-world Canadian study, the use of AID systems was associated with significantly better glycemic control compared to both BBI and open-loop insulin pump therapy.
    Keywords:  A1C; Accessibility; Automated insulin delivery; continuous glucose monitoring; continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; insulin pump; type 1 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2026.05.009
  7. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2026 Jun 10. pii: S0168-8227(26)00289-5. [Epub ahead of print] 113369
    GLP-1 receptor agonist adjunct therapy stabilises Ramadan dysglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetes: a CGM-based study.
    Tanveer Ashraf, Nader Lessan.
       BACKGROUND: Patients with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of hypo- and hyperglycaemia during Ramadan fasting. The role of incretin-based add-on therapy (GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide and the GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide) in attenuating Ramadan dysglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes has not been characterised using continuous glucose monitoring. Emerging evidence indicates that exaggerated post-iftar hyperglycaemia, drives Ramadan dysglycaemia in insulin-treated individuals.
    AIMS: To use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to characterise glycaemic control in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes on intensive insulin during Ramadan fasting, and to evaluate the role of add-on semaglutide or tirzepatide in attenuating post-iftar hyperglycaemia.
    METHODS: Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes using FreeStyle Libre CGM who completed ≥ 14 full fasting days during Ramadan 2025 were included. Of 140 participants screened pre-Ramadan, 54 met all inclusion criteria and were analysed: type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin alone (BB, n = 18), type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus plus tirzepatide or semaglutide (BB+, n = 18) - matched 1:1 by age, baseline HbA1c and BMI - and type 1 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin (T1DM, n = 18). CGM metrics were collected over 28 days pre-Ramadan (1-28 February 2025) and 29 days during Ramadan (1-29 March 2025) and compared within and between groups, and across fasting versus non-fasting windows.
    RESULTS: Dysglycaemia was driven predominantly by the post-iftar period. BB participants showed marked deterioration during non-fasting hours. Adjunctive therapy attenuated this effect: time in range 74.4 % vs 36.8 % (p = 0.007), glucose management indicator 6.9 % vs 8.3 % (p = 0.004), and > 2-fold (≈61 %) reduction in incremental post-iftar area under the curve (102,014 vs 260,578 mg/dL·min over the 4-h post-iftar window).
    CONCLUSION: In matched insulin-treated type 2 diabetes cohorts, add-on semaglutide or tirzepatide stabilised Ramadan glycaemia and reduced post-iftar hyperglycaemia without increasing hypoglycaemia, and was well tolerated with no treatment discontinuations during Ramadan.
    Keywords:  Continuous glucose monitoring; GLP-1 receptor agonist; GLP-1/GIP dual agonist; Post-iftar hyperglycaemia; Ramadan fasting; Semaglutide; Time in Range; Tirzepatide; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113369
  8. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jun 08. pii: dc260398. [Epub ahead of print]
    Glucose-Derived Personalized HbA1c Correction (GDAC) Study to Improve Alignment Between CGM-Derived Metrics and HbA1c in Different Individuals and Racial Groups With Diabetes: Implications for Clinical Practice.
    Ramzi A Ajjan, Pratik Choudhary, Yongjin Xu, Timothy C Dunn.
       OBJECTIVE: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and average glucose (AG) can show discordance due to personal variations in red blood cell (RBC) physiology, creating management difficulties. Our aims were to understand the size of the problem and refine this glycemic metric by adjusting for personal differences in RBC characteristics.
    RESEARCH AND DESIGN AND METHODS: A 26-week prospective study was conducted in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes across four racial groups with HbA1c collected every 2 weeks and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) used throughout. Personal glycation ratio (PGR) was derived from HbA1c and AG data (weeks 0-12), allowing calculation of personalized HbA1c (pA1C) and subsequent testing (weeks 20-26). The relationship between AG and HbA1c or pA1C was then analyzed, documenting a clinically meaningful discordance of ≥0.5%. In addition, we used real-world data sets to further validate the accuracy of pA1C at reflecting glucose exposure.
    RESULTS: Of 257 participants (19% T1D) with complete CGM and HbA1c data sets, mean age (±SD) was 53 ± 14 years (45% females). The racial background was 35% Asian, 30% White, 22% Black, and 14% other/mixed. Of the total study population, 33% showed ≥0.5% HbA1c-AG discordance, with the Black population affected most (41% discordance). Use of pA1C reduced the discordance in the whole population to 14% (58% reduction), while this was reduced in the Black population to 12% (71% reduction).
    CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c-AG discordance is common, particularly in the Black population, with pA1C improving alignment with glucose levels, potentially helping to optimize clinical management and reduce health disparities.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2337/dc26-0398
  9. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Jun 10. 19322968261458821
    Glycaemic variability and preserved performance in elite futsal players with type 1 diabetes.
    Mateja Zadravec, Ana-Marija Liberati Prso, Maja Cigrovski Berkovic.
      
    Keywords:  athletic performance; continuous glucose monitoring; exercise; futsal; glycaemic variability; type 1 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261458821
  10. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 11.
    Insufficient knowledge and moderate attitudes and practices regarding continuous glucose monitoring among patients with diabetes.
    Feng Zhang, Zhenyuan Tang, Yating Ma, Yunle Zhang, Pingping Liang, Lianfeng Yang, Li Wang.
      Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown increasing application in diabetes management. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of patients with various types of diabetes towards CGM. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Runda Community Health Service Center, Suzhou, between October 23, 2023, and November 27, 2023. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and KAP. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships between the KAP dimensions. A total of 576 participants were included, with a mean age of 66.37 ± 7.51 years. The mean KAP scores were 5.55 ± 5.33 (possible range: 0-22), 31.41 ± 4.22 (possible range: 10-50), and 12.85 ± 3.83 (possible range: 5-25), respectively. Positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.514, P < 0.001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.486, P < 0.001), and attitude and practice (r = 0.339, P < 0.001). SEM based on standardized coefficients showed that knowledge had a significant direct effect on attitude (β = 0.553, 95% CI 0.484-0.623, P < 0.001) and practice (β = 0.439, 95% CI 0.347-0.532, P < 0.001). In addition, knowledge exerted an indirect effect on practice through attitude (β = 0.160, 95% CI 0.098-0.222, P < 0.001). This study revealed insufficient knowledge, moderate attitude, and practice toward CGM among patients with diabetes in Suzhou, China. Educational and behavioral interventions are recommended, particularly for diabetes patients with advanced age, lower educational levels, and not having education and promotion on dynamic blood glucose monitors.
    Keywords:  Attitude; Continuous glucose monitoring; Cross-sectional studies; Diabetes mellitus; Health knowledge; Practice; Structural equation modeling
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-57244-4
  11. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2026 Jun 08. pii: dgag224. [Epub ahead of print]
    Classification of glucose profile in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes and its association with complications.
    Takafumi Masuda, Naoto Katakami, Naohiro Taya, Kazuyuki Miyashita, Mitsuyoshi Takahara, Ken Kato, Iichiro Shimomura.
       CONTEXT: The importance of utilizing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to optimize glycemic profiles and thereby prevent the onset of diabetic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes has been increasingly recognized. Nevertheless, studies evaluating the risk of diabetic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes through machine learning approaches based on CGM data remain limited.
    OBJECTIVE: To classify the glycemic profiles of Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes using a data-driven cluster analysis based on CGM and clarify the association between these clusters and diabetic complications.
    METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a cluster analysis using glycemic metrics from CGM of 153 Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes was performed. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and duration of diabetes was performed to compare the risk of diabetic complications by cluster.
    RESULTS: The cluster analysis identified four clusters. Cluster 1 (n = 53) exhibited an optimal glycemic profile. Cluster 2 (n = 46) demonstrated an extended duration of hyperglycemia and a higher risk of elevated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity than Cluster 1. Cluster 3 (n = 39) demonstrated an extended duration of hypoglycemia and a higher risk of severe hypoglycemia than Cluster 1. Cluster 4 (n = 15) demonstrated large glycemic variability associated with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Cluster 4 had higher risks of polyneuropathy, elevated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and higher cardiovascular disease risk scores than Cluster 1.
    CONCLUSION: High-risk diabetic complications were identified for each cluster classified by glycemic profile.
    Keywords:  atherosclerosis; cluster analysis; continuous glucose monitoring; microangiopathy; type 1 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag224
  12. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2026 Jun 10. 15209156261458517
    Early Assessment of Teplizumab Treatment Response Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
    Sari Krepel-Volsky, Merav Gil-Margolis, Keren Smuel-Zilberberg, Sarit Weizman, Moshe Phillip, Tal Oron.
      We describe continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) trajectories in five children with stage 2 type 1 diabetes treated with teplizumab in a real-world setting. Participants were followed longitudinally using CGM metrics, including glycemic variability (GV) and time above 140 mg/dL. Over 8-19 months of follow-up, four participants remained in stage 2, while one progressed to stage 3 diabetes within 4 months of treatment. CGM-derived metrics demonstrated heterogeneous trajectories. Most participants showed stabilization or improvement in GV and time above 140 mg/dL within 3-6 months, whereas the progressor exhibited increasing variability and worsening glycemic excursions over time. These changes were detectable early and were not paralleled by substantial changes in glycated hemoglobin. These observations suggest that CGM may capture early directional changes in glycemic dynamics following immunomodulatory therapy and may provide a practical approach for longitudinal monitoring. Findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and require validation in larger cohorts.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; early-stage T1D; glycemic variability; monitoring; teplizumab; time in range; treatment response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/15209156261458517
  13. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jun 07. pii: dc260302. [Epub ahead of print]
    Early Pregnancy Glycemic Testing for Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Large for Gestational Age Birth Weight.
    GO MOMs Study Group*
       OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether early pregnancy oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or large for gestational age (LGA) birth prediction over clinical factors alone.
    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the Glycemic Observation and Metabolic Outcomes in Mothers and Offspring (GO MOMs) study, a prospective observational study at nine U.S. sites (2021-2025), participants with singleton gestation and without preexisting diabetes underwent blinded 75-g OGTT and CGM at 10-14 weeks' gestation. Predictive models for GDM at 24-28 weeks' and LGA were developed using these data and clinical factors (maternal age, BMI, GDM or macrosomia history). New glycemic criteria maximized the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in training data from four sites and were validated in five. Models incorporating OGTT or CGM criteria versus clinical factors alone compared positive predictive value (PPV) at a prespecified negative predictive value (NPV) at a reported 8.3% national GDM prevalence and 10% for LGA.
    RESULTS: Of 2,178 participants, 93.3% who were pregnant at 24-28 weeks completed OGTTs (15.4% GDM), and 98.1% with live births had data to determine LGA (11.2% LGA). At NPV ≥96% and 8.3% GDM prevalence, PPV for GDM was 12.2% (95% CI 11.0-13.3%) for clinical factors alone, 26.5% (23.1-30.3%) for OGTT plus clinical factors, and 19.8% (17.2-22.5%) for CGM plus clinical factors. For LGA, neither glycemic model improved PPV. Validation confirmed findings.
    CONCLUSIONS: In a U.S.-representative population, adding 10-14-week OGTT or CGM criteria to clinical factors improved GDM but not LGA prediction. Future studies should determine whether predicting GDM in the first trimester facilitates interventions that improve GDM-related pregnancy outcomes.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2337/dc26-0302
  14. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2026 Jun 08. pii: S1871-4021(26)00067-6. [Epub ahead of print]20(5): 103440
    Could fructosamine be used in the glycemic monitoring of individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus?
    Christos Chatzakis, Tanvi Mansukhani, Rea Mitsigiorgi, Elodie May, Kypros H Nicolaides.
       AIMS: To evaluate the association of fructosamine with multiple glycemic control indices in individuals with previous gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), with or without prediabetes or type 2 diabetes(T2D).
    MATERIALS: Individuals with prior GDM were studied 5-9 months postpartum. Data included demographics, medical history, clinical measures, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), fructosamine, and blinded continuous glucose monitoring(CGM). Associations between fructosamine and glycemic indices were assessed using regression models with interaction terms for dysglycemia; standardized models and partial R2 enabled head-to-head comparison with HbA1c.
    RESULTS: Among 844 participants, 407(48.2%) had prediabetes and 47(5.5%) T2D. Mean fructosamine was higher in T2D(255.6 ± 4.0 μmol/L) than in normoglycemic (235.7 ± 22.0 μmol/L) and prediabetes groups(238.3 ± 21.4; p < 0.001). Fructosamine correlated with 2-h post-load glucose(β = 0.018,p < 0.001) and HbA1c(β = 0.054,p < 0.001), but not fasting glucose; it was inversely related to CGM time-in-range and positively to time-above-range, time-below-range, glucose management indicator, glycemic variability, and coefficient of variation. Associations were strongest in T2D. Compared directly, HbA1c related more to time-in-range, whereas fructosamine more strongly reflected glycemic variability. Combined models improved fit.
    CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with prior GDM, fructosamine captured adverse glycemic patterns, especially variability and provided information complementary to HbA1c, supporting its use as a practical adjunct where CGM is unavailable.
    Keywords:  Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes; Fructosamine; Gestational diabetes mellitus: prediabetes; Glycosylated haemoglobin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2026.103440
  15. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Jun 09.
    Mismatch Between Sensor and Symptoms: The Complex Reality of Hypoglycemia Around Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using AID Systems.
    Michael Joubert, Laurent Meyer, Said Bekka, Bruno Guerci.
      
    Keywords:  automated insulin delivery; continuous glucose monitoring; hypoglycemia; physical activity; type 1 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70971
This page is being maintained by Thomas Krichel. It was last updated on 2026‒06‒14 at 0:06.