bims-kimdis 2022-12-18 papers

bims-kimdis

Biomed News

on Ketones, inflammation and mitochondria in disease

Issue of 2022‒12‒18
thirty papers selected by
Matías Javier Monsalves Álvarez

Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders.
The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy.
The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.
[...First Do No Harm: Drug-Resistant Epilepsy].
Chronic Ketosis Modulates HIF1α-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Rat Brain.
Ketogenic Diets in the Management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome-Review of Literature.
Combining Exercise and Carbohydrate Restriction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Critical Look at Possible Intervention Effects.
Divergent remodeling of the skeletal muscle metabolome over 24 h between young, healthy men and older, metabolically compromised men.
Ketogenic diet restores hormonal, apoptotic/proliferative balance and enhances the effect of metformin on a letrozole-induced polycystic ovary model in rats.
β-hydroxybutyrate Preferentially Enhances Neuron Over Astrocyte Respiration While Signaling Cellular Quiescence.
Scoparone suppresses mitophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammatory diseases.
Muscle PGC-1α modulates hepatic mitophagy regulation during aging.
Self-Testing of Ketone Bodies, along with Glucose, Using Touch-Based Sweat Analysis.
NLRP3 and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: Progress in Research.
The effect of standard, ketogenic, and Western-type diets applied to rats in pressure wound therapy.
HMGB1 Promotes In Vitro and In Vivo Skeletal Muscle Atrophy through an IL-18-Dependent Mechanism.
Inflammaging: Implications in Sarcopenia.
Acetate circumvents impaired metabolic switch in skeletal muscle of letrozole-induced PCOS rat model by suppression of PDK4/NLRP3.
Butyrate's role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease.
Simultaneous loss of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain IIx and IIb causes severe skeletal muscle hypoplasia in postnatal mice.
The impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism.
Inflammation triggered by the NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical driver of diabetic bladder dysfunction.
Alternate-day fasting for the protection of cognitive impairment in c57BL/6J mice following whole-brain radiotherapy.
Diversity of mitophagy pathways at a glance.
SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment-Mechanisms of Action and Emerging New Perspectives.
Exercise-crazy mice have their gut microbes to thank.
Why does fat return after dieting? The microbiome might have a hand.
Importance of NAD+ Anabolism in Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders.
HMGCL-induced β-hydroxybutyrate production attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma via DPP4-mediated ferroptosis susceptibility.
NLRP3 Inflammasome May Be a Biomarker for Risk Stratification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 23. pii: 14564. [Epub ahead of print]23(23):

Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders.

Nadia Bendridi, Anna Selmi, Aneta Balcerczyk, Luciano Pirola.

  For many years, it has been clear that a Western diet rich in saturated fats and sugars promotes an inflammatory environment predisposing a person to chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In parallel, the emergence of ketogenic diets, deprived of carbohydrates and promoting the synthesis of ketone bodies imitating the metabolic effects of fasting, has been shown to provide a possible nutritional solution to alleviating diseases triggered by an inflammatory environment. The main ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acts as an alternative fuel, and also as a substrate for a novel histone post-translational modification, β-hydroxybutyrylation. β-hydroxybutyrylation influences the state of chromatin architecture and promotes the transcription of multiple genes. BHB has also been shown to modulate inflammation in chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss, in the pathological context of cardiovascular risks, the current understanding of how ketone bodies, or a ketogenic diet, are able to modulate, trigger, or inhibit inflammation and how the epigenome and chromatin remodeling may be a key contributor.

Keywords:  cardiovascular diseases; histone PTMs; histone β-hydroxybutyrylation; ketone bodies

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314564
Nutrients. 2022 Nov 29. pii: 5074. [Epub ahead of print]14(23):

The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy.

Kaleem Imdad, Turki Abualait, Ammara Kanwal, Ziyad Tareq AlGhannam, Shahab Bashir, Anum Farrukh, Sahir Hameed Khattak, Raidah Albaradie, Shahid Bashir.

  Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The ketogenic diet (KD) is considered an effective alternative treatment for epileptic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic role of the KD in epilepsy. Ketone bodies induce chemical messengers and alterations in neuronal metabolic activities to regulate neuroprotective mechanisms towards oxidative damage to decrease seizure rate. Here, we discuss the role of KD on epilepsy and related metabolic disorders, focusing on its mechanism of action, favorable effects, and limitations. We describe the significant role of the KD in managing epilepsy disorders.

Keywords:  biomarkers; drug-resistant epilepsy; epilepsy; ketogenic diet; parameters

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235074
Nutrients. 2022 Nov 24. pii: 5003. [Epub ahead of print]14(23):

The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

Damian Dyńka, Katarzyna Kowalcze, Agnieszka Paziewska.

  Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that field has been currently observed. The aim of this paper is a widespread, thorough analysis of the available scientific evidence in respect of the role of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of neurological diseases such as: epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A wide range of the mechanisms of action of the ketogenic diet has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including, among other effects, its influence on the reduction in inflammatory conditions and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the restoration of the myelin sheath of the neurons, the formation and regeneration of mitochondria, neuronal metabolism, the provision of an alternative source of energy for neurons (ketone bodies), the reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations, the reduction in amyloid plaques, the induction of autophagy, the alleviation of microglia activation, the reduction in excessive neuronal activation, the modulation of intestinal microbiota, the expression of genes, dopamine production and the increase in glutamine conversion into GABA. The studies discussed (including randomised controlled studies), conducted in neurological patients, have stressed the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy and have demonstrated its promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A frequent advantage of the diet was demonstrated over non-ketogenic diets (in the control groups) in the therapy of neurological diseases, with simultaneous safety and feasibility when conducting the nutritional model.

Keywords:  Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Parkinson’s disease (PD); anti-inflammatory; brain; epilepsy; high fat; inflammatory; ketogenic; ketogenic diet; ketone bodies; low carb; migraine; multiple sclerosis (MS); neuroinflammation; neurological diseases; neurone; neuroplasticity; neurotransmitters; nutrition; prevention; treatment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235003
Brain Nerve. 2022 Dec;74(12): 1350-1353

[...First Do No Harm: Drug-Resistant Epilepsy].

Kazuma Koda, Riki Matsumoto.

Although currently it is known that neuronal hyperexcitability is the mechanism underlying epilepsy, this condition was previously associated with spiritual factors. Epilepsy surgery is considered in patients in whom administration of anti-seizure drugs is infeasible. Functional mapping of the brain and intraoperative monitoring have improved safety of epilepsy surgery. A ketogenic diet is considered in patients in whom surgery is not adaptive. The American made-for-television movie ...First Do No Harm (1997) highlights the usefulness of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Notably, ketogenic diet therapy was approved for public health insurance coverage in Japan in 2016.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202246
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022 ;1395 75-79

Chronic Ketosis Modulates HIF1α-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Rat Brain.

Aarti Sethuraman, Prahlad Rao, Atul Pranay, Kui Xu, Joseph LaManna, Michelle A Puchowicz.

  Hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF1α) is associated with neuroprotection conferred by diet-induced ketosis but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study we use a ketogenic diet in rodents to induce a metabolic state of chronic ketosis, as measured by elevated blood ketone bodies. Chronic ketosis correlates with neuroprotection in both aged and following focal cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion (via middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in mouse and rat models. Ketone bodies are known to be used efficiently by the brain and metabolism of ketone bodies is associated with increased cytosolic succinate levels that inhibits prolyl hydroxylases allowing HIF1α to accumulate. Ketosis also regulates inflammatory pathways, and HIF1α is reported to be essential for gene expression of interleukin10 (IL10). Therefore we hypothesised that ketosis-stabilised HIF1α modulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines orchestrating neuroprotection. To test changes in cytokine levels in rodent brain, eight-week-old rats were fed either the standard chow diet (SD) or the ketogenic (KG) diet for 4 weeks before ischaemia experiments (MCAO) were performed and the brain tissues were collected. Consistent with our hypothesis, immunoblotting analysis shows IL10 levels were significantly higher in KG diet rat brain compared to SD, whereas the TNFα and IL6 levels were significantly lower in the brains of KG diet fed group.

Keywords:  Acetoacetate; Beta-hydroxybutyrate; IL10; Ketogenic diet; Neuroprotection; Succinate

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_13
Nutrients. 2022 Nov 23. pii: 4977. [Epub ahead of print]14(23):

Ketogenic Diets in the Management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome-Review of Literature.

Urszula Skrobas, Piotr Duda, Łukasz Bryliński, Paulina Drożak, Magdalena Pelczar, Konrad Rejdak.

  Epilepsy is an important medical problem with approximately 50 million patients globally. No more than 70% of epileptic patients will achieve seizure control after antiepileptic drugs, and several epileptic syndromes, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), are predisposed to more frequent pharmacoresistance. Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are a form of non-pharmacological treatments used in attempts to provide seizure control for LGS patients who experience pharmacoresistance. Our review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and practicalities concerning the use of KDTs in LGS. In general, KDTs are diets rich in fat and low in carbohydrates that put the organism into the state of ketosis. A classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is the best-evaluated KDT, while alternative KDTs, such as the medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCT), modified Atkins diet (MAD), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) present several advantages due to their better tolerability and easier administration. The literature reports regarding LGS suggest that KDTs can provide ≥50% seizure reduction and seizure-free status in a considerable percentage of the patients. The most commonly reported adverse effects are constipation, diarrhea, and vomiting, while severe adverse effects such as nephrolithiasis or osteopenia are rarely reported. The literature review suggests that KDTs can be applied safely and are effective in LGS treatment.

Keywords:  Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; diet therapy; epilepsy; epileptic syndromes; ketogenic diets

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234977
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 05. pii: 16251. [Epub ahead of print]19(23):

Combining Exercise and Carbohydrate Restriction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Critical Look at Possible Intervention Effects.

Samir Akrimi, Christian Brinkmann.

  Combining regular exercise and a healthy diet is recommended in international guidelines to fight type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Low- and very low-carbohydrate diets have attracted attention in the last years. This article takes a critical look at the possible effects when regular exercise and carbohydrate restriction are combined. An increased intervention effect on the oxidative capacity as well as glucose and lipid profiles can be assumed (at least for a short period of time). However, anabolic signaling pathways might be blunted during a very low-carbohydrate diet and increasing ketosis. Thus, muscle build-up can become difficult or impossible. Furthermore, maximal performance during high-intensity workouts may be attenuated due to a possible reduced anaerobic glycolysis and metabolic inflexibility in T2DM patients. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effects of this combination in comparison to those of exercise and other types of diet.

Keywords:  exercise; ketosis; low-carbohydrate diet; nutrition; physical activity; type 2 diabetes mellitus

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316251
Cell Rep. 2022 Dec 13. pii: S2211-1247(22)01674-6. [Epub ahead of print]41(11): 111786

Divergent remodeling of the skeletal muscle metabolome over 24 h between young, healthy men and older, metabolically compromised men.

Jan-Frieder Harmsen, Michel van Weeghel, Rex Parsons, Georges E Janssens, Jakob Wefers, Dirk van Moorsel, Jan Hansen, Joris Hoeks, Matthijs K C Hesselink, Riekelt H Houtkooper, Patrick Schrauwen.

  24 h whole-body substrate metabolism and the circadian clock within skeletal muscle are both compromised upon metabolic disease in humans. Here, we assessed the 24 h muscle metabolome by serial muscle sampling performed under 24 h real-life conditions in young, healthy (YH) men versus older, metabolically compromised (OMC) men. We find that metabolites associated with the initial steps of glycolysis and hexosamine biosynthesis are higher in OMC men around the clock, whereas metabolites associated with glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate, ketone, and redox metabolism are lower in OMC men. The night period shows the largest number of differently expressed metabolites. Both groups demonstrate 24 h rhythmicity in half of the metabolome, but rhythmic metabolites only partially overlap. Specific metabolites are only rhythmic in YH men (adenosine), phase shifted in OMC men (cis-aconitate, flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD], and uridine diphosphate [UDP]), or have a reduced 24 h amplitude in OMC men (hydroxybutyrate and hippuric acid). Our data highlight the plasticity of the skeletal muscle metabolome over 24 h and large divergence across the metabolic health spectrum.

Keywords:  CP: Metabolism; FAD; PGK1; adenosine; circadian rhythm; glycolysis; hexosamine; hydroxybutyrate; insulin resistance; metabolomics; misalignment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111786
Life Sci. 2022 Dec 13. pii: S0024-3205(22)00985-7. [Epub ahead of print] 121285

Ketogenic diet restores hormonal, apoptotic/proliferative balance and enhances the effect of metformin on a letrozole-induced polycystic ovary model in rats.

Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed, Sara S Sharkawi, Sara S AbdelHameed, Asmaa M Bayoumi, Rabab S Moussa, Nabil A Alhakamy, Hadeel Al Sadoun, Rasha A Mansouri, Mohamed A El-Moselhy, Mahmoud El-Daly, Aliaa F Anter.

  OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovaries (PCO) is a hormonal disorder that is a leading cause of infertility. The formation of multiple persistent cysts and hormonal imbalance are hallmarks of PCO. Recent clinical studies reported a beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet (KD; high-fat, low-carbohydrate) on PCO. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the KD alone and in combination with metformin on letrozole-induced PCO in female rats.METHODS: Female rats were grouped into control and PCO (letrozole; 1 mg/kg for 21 days). The PCO group was subdivided into PCO (non-treated), PCO-metformin (300 mg/kg), PCO rats fed with KD only, and PCO rats treated with metformin and fed with KD. All groups continued to receive letrozole during the 21-day treatment period. At the end of the experiment, serum and ovaries were collected for further analysis.
RESULTS: The untreated-PCO rats showed increased testosterone, LH/FSH ratio, and ovary weights. Disturbed apoptosis and proliferation balance were evident as a low caspase-3 activation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and increased TGF-β expression. The KD improved the letrozole-induced effects, which was comparable to the effect of metformin. Combining the KD with metformin treatment additively enhanced the metformin effect.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the KD has a protective role against PCO in rats, especially when combined with metformin. This study reveals a potential therapeutic role of the KD in PCO, which could prompt valuable future clinical applications.

Keywords:  Caspase-3; Cystic follicles; Letrozole; PCNA; TGF

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121285
Mitochondrion. 2022 Dec 11. pii: S1567-7249(22)00108-8. [Epub ahead of print]

β-hydroxybutyrate Preferentially Enhances Neuron Over Astrocyte Respiration While Signaling Cellular Quiescence.

Scott J Koppel, Heather M Wilkins, Ian W Weidling, Xiaowan Wang, Blaise W Menta, Russell H Swerdlow.

  While ketone bodies support overall brain energy metabolism, it is increasingly clear specific brain cell types respond differently to ketone body availability. Here, we characterized how SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell, primary neuron, and primary astrocyte bioenergetics and nutrient sensing pathways respond to β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB). SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons, but not astrocytes, exposed to βOHB increased respiration and decreased PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Despite increased carbon availability and respiration, SH-SY5Y cells treated with βOHB reduced their overall metabolic activity and cell cycling rate. Levels of the quiescence-regulating Yamanaka factors increased to a broader extent in SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons. We propose a βOHB-induced increase in neuron respiration, accompanied by activation of quiescence associated pathways, could alleviate bioenergetic stress and limit cell senescence. This in turn could potentially benefit conditions, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, that feature bioenergetic decline and cell senescence.

Keywords:  Ketones; aging; bioenergetics; mitochondria; quiescence; senescence

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2022.12.004
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Dec 15.

Scoparone suppresses mitophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammatory diseases.

Wan-di Feng, Yao Wang, Tong Luo, Xin Jia, Cui-Qin Cheng, Hao-Jia Wang, Mei-Qi Zhang, Qi-Qi Li, Xue-Jiao Wang, Yi-Ying Li, Jin-Yong Wang, Guang-Rui Huang, Ting Wang, An-Long Xu.

  Recent evidence shows that targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation is an important means to treat inflammasome-driven diseases. Scoparone, a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Artemisia capillaris Thunb, has anti-inflammatory activity. In this study we investigated the effect of scoparone on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammatory diseases. In LPS-primed, ATP or nigericin-stimulated mouse macrophage J774A.1 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), pretreatment with scoparone (50 μM) markedly restrained canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation, evidenced by suppressed caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, mature IL-1β secretion and the formation of ASC specks. We then conducted a transcriptome analysis in scoparone-pretreated BMDMs, and found that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic process, mitochondrial translation and assembly process, as well as in inflammatory response. We demonstrated in J774A.1 cells and BMDMs that scoparone promoted mitophagy, a well-characterized mechanism to control mitochondrial quality and reduce ROS production and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mitophagy blockade by 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM) reversed the protective effects of scoparone on mitochondrial damage and inflammation in the murine macrophages. Moreover, administration of scoparone (50 mg/kg) exerted significant preventive effects via inhibition of NLRP3 activation in mouse models of bacterial enteritis and septic shock. Collectively, scoparone displays potent anti-inflammatory effects via blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation through enhancing mitophagy, highlighting a potential action mechanism in treating inflammasome-related diseases for further clinical investigation.

Keywords:  3-methyladenine; IL-1β; NLRP3 inflammasome; inflammatory disease; mitophagy; scoparone

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-022-01028-9
Exp Gerontol. 2022 Dec 12. pii: S0531-5565(22)00355-2. [Epub ahead of print] 112046

Muscle PGC-1α modulates hepatic mitophagy regulation during aging.

Natascha Masselkhi Christensen, Stine Ringholm, Bjørg Thiellesen Buch, Anders Gudiksen, Jens Frey Halling, Henriette Pilegaard.

  Aging has been suggested to be associated with changes in oxidative capacity, autophagy, and mitophagy in the liver, but a simultaneous evaluation of these key cellular processes is lacking. Moreover, skeletal muscle Transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator(PGC)-1α has been reported to mediate inter-organ signaling through myokines with regulatory effects in the liver, but the potential role of muscle PGC-1α on hepatic changes with age remains to be resolved. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate 1) the effect of aging on mitochondrial autophagy and mitophagy capacity in mouse liver and 2) whether muscle PGC-1α is required for maintaining autophagy and mitophagy capacity in the liver during aging. The liver was obtained from young (Young) and aged (Aged) inducible muscle-specific PGC-1α knockout (iMKO) and floxed littermate control mice. Aging increased liver p62, Parkin and Protein-interacting protein(BNIP)3 protein with no effect of muscle specific PGC-1α knockout, while liver Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3(LC3) II/I was unchanged with age, but tended to be lower in iMKO mice than in controls. Markers of liver mitochondrial oxidative capacity and oxidative stress were unchanged with age and iMKO. However, Parkin protein levels in isolated liver mitochondria were 2-fold higher in Aged iMKO mice than in Aged controls. In conclusion, aging had no effect on oxidative capacity and redox stress in the liver. However, aging was associated with increased levels of autophagy and mitophagy markers. Moreover, muscle PGC-1α appears to regulate hepatic mitochondrial translocation of Parkin in aged mice, suggesting that the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscle can modulate mitophagy regulation of the liver during aging.

Keywords:  Aging; Autophagy; Liver; Metabolism; PGC-1a; Parkin

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2022.112046
ACS Sens. 2022 Dec 13.

Self-Testing of Ketone Bodies, along with Glucose, Using Touch-Based Sweat Analysis.

Jong-Min Moon, Rafael Del Caño, Chochanon Moonla, Kittiya Sakdaphetsiri, Tamoghna Saha, Letícia Francine Mendes, Lu Yin, An-Yi Chang, Sumeyye Seker, Joseph Wang.

  β-Hydroxybutyrate (HB) is one of the main physiological ketone bodies that play key roles in human health and wellness. Besides their important role in diabetes ketoacidosis, ketone bodies are currently receiving tremendous attention for personal nutrition in connection to the growing popularity of oral ketone supplements. Accordingly, there are urgent needs for developing a rapid, simple, and low-cost device for frequent onsite measurements of β-hydroxybutyrate (HB), one of the main physiological ketone bodies. However, real-time profiling of dynamically changing HB concentrations is challenging and still limited to laboratory settings or to painful and invasive measurements (e.g., a commercial blood ketone meter). Herein, we address the critical need for pain-free frequent HB measurements in decentralized settings and report on a reliable noninvasive, simple, and rapid touch-based sweat HB testing and on its ability to track dynamic HB changes in secreted fingertip sweat, following the intake of commercial ketone supplements. The new touch-based HB detection method relies on an instantaneous collection of the fingertip sweat at rest on a porous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel that transports the sweat to a biocatalytic layer, composed of the β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) enzyme and its nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cofactor, covering the modified screen-printed carbon working electrode. As a result, the sweat HB can be measured rapidly by the mediated oxidation reaction of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) product. A personalized HB dose-response relationship is demonstrated within a group of healthy human subjects taking commercial ketone supplements, along with a correlation between the sweat and capillary blood HB levels. Furthermore, a dual disposable biosensing device, consisting of neighboring ketone and glucose enzyme electrodes on a single-strip substrate, has been developed toward the simultaneous touch-based detection of dynamically changing sweat HB and glucose levels, following the intake of ketone and glucose drinks.

Keywords:  disposable biosensor; human sweat; ketone bodies; ketone supplements; noninvasive dual detection; β-hydroxybutyrate

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c02369
Cells. 2022 Nov 24. pii: 3758. [Epub ahead of print]11(23):

NLRP3 and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: Progress in Research.

Hongming Pan, Yuting Jian, Feijie Wang, Shaokun Yu, Jiannan Guo, Juntao Kan, Wei Guo.

  The inflammasome is a platform for inflammatory signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome recognizes stimuli in vitro and in vivo, and releases inflammatory cytokines that trigger inflammation and pyroptosis. In the gut, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key sensor for protecting the body from damage and exogenous pathogens. It plays a fundamental role in maintaining the stability of the gut's immune system. We focus on the role of NLRP3 as a key node in maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota which has not been fully highlighted in the past; gut microbiota and innate immunity, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome, are discussed in this article.

Keywords:  NLRP3; inflammasome; intestinal mucosal immunity; microbiota

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11233758
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Dec;pii: 30540. [Epub ahead of print]26(23): 8693-8699

The effect of standard, ketogenic, and Western-type diets applied to rats in pressure wound therapy.

S Çetinkaya Özdemir, H Sert, H Çakiroğlu, Ö Budak.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating the effect of ketogenic and Western diets on pressure wounds.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled study used 33 male Sprague-Dawley rats. They were randomly divided into the control, ketogenic, and Western diet groups. Pressure wounds were created on the rats' backs.
RESULTS: Wound healing of the Western diet group on day 42 was better than the ketogenic and standard groups. In the microscopic examinations, wound closure, damaged muscle tissue repair, angiogenesis, vascularization, granulation, and collagenization in the Western diet group were faster than in the ketogenic and standard groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The Western diet was potentially effective for pressure wound healing. Future research should be conducted to clarify how this affects the wound-healing process.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202212_30540
Cells. 2022 Dec 06. pii: 3936. [Epub ahead of print]11(23):

HMGB1 Promotes In Vitro and In Vivo Skeletal Muscle Atrophy through an IL-18-Dependent Mechanism.

Trung-Loc Ho, Chih-Hsin Tang, Sunny Li-Yun Chang, Chun-Hao Tsai, Hsien-Te Chen, Chen-Ming Su.

  Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs due to muscle wasting or reductions in protein associated with aging, injury, and inflammatory processes. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is passively released from necrotic cells and actively secreted by inflammatory cells, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and immune diseases. HMGB1 is upregulated in muscle inflammation, and circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) are upregulated in patients with sarcopenia, a muscle-wasting disease. We examined whether an association exists between HMGB1 and IL-18 signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy. HMGB1-induced increases of IL-18 levels enhanced the expression of muscle atrophy markers and inhibited myogenic marker expression in C2C12 and G7 myoblast cell lines. HMGB1-induced increases of IL-18 production in C2C12 cells involved the RAGE/p85/Akt/mTOR/c-Jun signaling pathway. HMGB1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) treatment rescued the expression of muscle-specific differentiation markers in murine C2C12 myotubes and in mice with glycerol-induced muscle atrophy. HMGB1 and IL-18 signaling was suppressed in the mice after HMGB1 shRNA treatment. These findings suggest that the HMGB1/IL-18 axis is worth targeting for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy.

Keywords:  HMGB1; IL-18; inflammation; myogenesis; skeletal muscle atrophy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11233936
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 30. pii: 15039. [Epub ahead of print]23(23):

Inflammaging: Implications in Sarcopenia.

Eduardo Antuña, Cristina Cachán-Vega, Juan Carlos Bermejo-Millo, Yaiza Potes, Beatriz Caballero, Ignacio Vega-Naredo, Ana Coto-Montes, Claudia Garcia-Gonzalez.

  In a world in which life expectancy is increasing, understanding and promoting healthy aging becomes a contemporary demand. In the elderly, a sterile, chronic and low-grade systemic inflammation known as "inflammaging" is linked with many age-associated diseases. Considering sarcopenia as a loss of strength and mass of skeletal muscle related to aging, correlations between these two terms have been proposed. Better knowledge of the immune system players in skeletal muscle would help to elucidate their implications in sarcopenia. Characterizing the activators of damage sensors and the downstream effectors explains the inference with skeletal muscle performance. Sarcopenia has also been linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Implications of inflammatory signals from these diseases negatively affect skeletal muscle. Autophagic mechanisms are closely related with the inflammasome, as autophagy eliminates stress signaling sent by damage organelles, but also acts with an immunomodulatory function affecting immune cells and cytokine release. The use of melatonin, an antioxidant, ROS scavenger and immune and autophagy modulator, or senotherapeutic compounds targeting senescent cells could represent strategies to counteract inflammation. This review aims to present the many factors regulating skeletal muscle inflammaging and their major implications in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sarcopenia.

Keywords:  aging; inflammation; sarcopenia; skeletal muscle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315039
Nutrition. 2022 Nov 17. pii: S0899-9007(22)00326-4. [Epub ahead of print]107 111914

Acetate circumvents impaired metabolic switch in skeletal muscle of letrozole-induced PCOS rat model by suppression of PDK4/NLRP3.

Kehinde S Olaniyi, Stephanie E Areloegbe.

  OBJECTIVES: Endocrine disorders in women of childbearing age, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), have been linked to skeletal muscle insulin resistance with multiple post-receptor intracellular defects, disrupting metabolic flexibility. Short-chain fatty acids, such as acetate have been suggested as a metabolic modulator. However, the effects of acetate on aberrant metabolic switch in skeletal muscle of individuals with PCOS are unknown. This study therefore hypothesized that acetate would circumvent impaired metabolic switch in the skeletal muscle of a letrozole-induced PCOS rat model, probably by suppression of PDK4/NLRP3.METHODS: Eight-wk-old female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups (n = 6), which received vehicle, letrozole (1 mg/kg), and letrozole plus acetate (200 mg/kg), respectively. The administrations were done by oral gavage for 21 d. .
RESULTS: Animals with PCOS had insulin resistance, increased testosterone, and leptin, as well as decreased adiponectin level. Additionally, the skeletal muscle was also characterized with increased lipid deposition, malondialdehyde, inflammatory mediators (nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α), lactate dehydrogenase, lactate/pyruvate ratio, HDAC and PDK 4 with corresponding decrease in glycogen synthesis, glutathione and NrF2. Besides, immunohistochemical evaluation showed severe expression of inflammasome and apoptosis in PCOS animals. Nonetheless, supplementation with acetate significantly attenuated these perturbations.
CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate aberrant metabolic switch in the skeletal muscle of PCOS animals, which is accompanied by excessive inflammation, oxidative stress and elevated levels of histone deacetylase and PDK4. The results suggested that histone deacetylase inhibitor, acetate circumvents impaired metabolic switch in the skeletal muscle of PCOS rats by suppression of PDK4/NLRP3 inflammasome.

Keywords:  Glycogen synthase; Inflammation; Nrf2; PCOS; PDK4; Skeletal muscle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111914
Clin Nutr. 2022 Nov 02. pii: S0261-5614(22)00384-3. [Epub ahead of print]42(2): 61-75

Butyrate's role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease.

Kendra Hodgkinson, Faiha El Abbar, Peter Dobranowski, Juliana Manoogian, James Butcher, Daniel Figeys, David Mack, Alain Stintzi.

  Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes and is produced by the gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fiber. Butyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and also signals through three G-protein coupled receptors. It is clear that butyrate has an important role in gastrointestinal health and that butyrate levels can impact both host and microbial functions that are intimately coupled with each other. Maintaining optimal butyrate levels improves gastrointestinal health in animal models by supporting colonocyte function, decreasing inflammation, maintaining the gut barrier, and promoting a healthy microbiome. Butyrate has also shown protective actions in the context of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract, and colon cancer, whereas lower levels of butyrate and/or the microbes which are responsible for producing this metabolite are associated with disease and poorer health outcomes. However, clinical efforts to increase butyrate levels in humans and reverse these negative outcomes have generated mixed results. This article discusses our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of butyrate action with a focus on the gastrointestinal system, the links between host and microbial factors, and the efforts that are currently underway to apply the knowledge gained from the bench to bedside.

Keywords:  Butyrate; Colon; Gastrointestinal health; Inflammatory bowel disease; Microbiome; Resistant starch

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.024
FASEB J. 2023 Jan;37(1): e22692

Simultaneous loss of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain IIx and IIb causes severe skeletal muscle hypoplasia in postnatal mice.

Keisuke Hitachi, Yuri Kiyofuji, Hisateru Yamaguchi, Masashi Nakatani, Masafumi Inui, Kunihiro Tsuchida.

  The skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MyHC) is a fundamental component of the sarcomere structure and muscle contraction. Two of the three adult fast MyHCs, MyHC-IIx and MyHC-IIb, are encoded by Myh1 and Myh4, respectively. However, skeletal muscle disorders have not yet been linked to these genes in humans. MyHC-IIb is barely detectable in human skeletal muscles. Thus, to characterize the molecular function of skeletal muscle MyHCs in humans, investigation of the effect of simultaneous loss of MyHC-IIb and other MyHCs on skeletal muscle in mice is essential. Here, we generated double knockout (dKO) mice with simultaneous loss of adult fast MyHCs by introducing nonsense frameshift mutations into the Myh1 and Myh4 genes. The dKO mice appeared normal after birth and until 2 weeks of age but showed severe skeletal muscle hypoplasia after 2 weeks. In 3-week-old dKO mice, increased expression of other skeletal muscle MyHCs, such as MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa, MyHC-neo, and MyHC-emb, was observed. However, these expressions were not sufficient to compensate for the loss of MyHC-IIb and MyHC-IIx. Moreover, the aberrant sarcomere structure with altered expression of sarcomere components was observed in dKO mice. Our findings imply that the simultaneous loss of MyHC-IIb and MyHC-IIx is substantially detrimental to postnatal skeletal muscle function and will contribute to elucidating the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle wasting disorders caused by the loss of skeletal muscle MyHCs.

Keywords:  genome editing; hypoplasia; muscle atrophy; myofiber; myosin heavy chain; skeletal muscle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202200581R
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2022 Dec 12. pii: S1388-1981(22)00152-4. [Epub ahead of print] 159262

The impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism.

Sander Kersten.

  Fasting and starvation were common occurrences during human evolution and accordingly have been an important environmental factor shaping human energy metabolism. Humans can tolerate fasting reasonably well through adaptative and well-orchestrated time-dependent changes in energy metabolism. Key features of the adaptive response to fasting are the breakdown of liver glycogen and muscle protein to produce glucose for the brain, as well as the gradual depletion of the fat stores, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids into the bloodstream and the production of ketone bodies in the liver. In this paper, an overview is presented of our current understanding of the effects of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Fasting leads to reduced uptake of circulating triacylglycerols by adipocytes through inhibition of the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme lipoprotein lipase. In addition, fasting stimulates the degradation of stored triacylglycerols by activating the key enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The mechanisms underlying these events are discussed, with a special interest in insights gained from studies on humans. Furthermore, an overview is presented of the effects of fasting on other metabolic pathways in the adipose tissue, including fatty acid synthesis, glucose uptake, glyceroneogenesis, autophagy, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue.

Keywords:  Adipose tissue; Adipose triglyceride lipase; Fasting; Lipoprotein lipase; Non-esterified fatty acids; Triacylglycerols

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159262
Front Physiol. 2022 ;13 920487

Inflammation triggered by the NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical driver of diabetic bladder dysfunction.

Francis M Hughes, Michael R Odom, Anissa Cervantes, J Todd Purves.

  Diabetes is a rapidly expanding epidemic projected to affect as many as 1 in 3 Americans by 2050. This disease is characterized by devastating complications brought about high glucose and metabolic derangement. The most common of these complications is diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) and estimates suggest that 50-80% of patients experience this disorder. Unfortunately, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study suggests that strict glucose control does not decrease ones risk for incontinence, although it does decrease the risk of other complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Thus, there is a significant unmet need to better understand DBD in order to develop targeted therapies to alleviate patient suffering. Recently, the research community has come to understand that diabetes produces a systemic state of low-level inflammation known as meta-inflammation and attention has focused on a role for the sterile inflammation-inducing structure known as the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we will examine the evidence that NLRP3 plays a central role in inducing DBD and driving its progression towards an underactive phenotype.

Keywords:  NLRP3; bladder; cystopathy; inflammasome; inflammation; innate immunity; uropathy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.920487
Neurochem Int. 2022 Dec 10. pii: S0197-0186(22)00188-7. [Epub ahead of print]162 105463

Alternate-day fasting for the protection of cognitive impairment in c57BL/6J mice following whole-brain radiotherapy.

Qiong Wu, Min Yu, Zhen Wang, Xiaohong Ai, Zhenghai Liu, Jiayu Zeng, Cai Li, Lei Yuan, Jie He, Xinping Lin, Wei Wan.

  NLRP3 inflammasome activation is implicated in irradiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) has been demonstrated to improve neuroinflammation as a non-pharmacological intervention. However, the exact mechanism and the anti-inflammatory effect in irradiation-induced cognitive dysfunction still need further in-depth study. The present study examined the effects of eight-week ADF on the cognitive functions of mice as well as inflammasome-mediated hippocampal neuronal loss following irradiation in mouse models of irradiation-induced cognitive deficits using seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. The behavioral results of novel place recognition and object recognition tasks revealed that ADF ameliorated cognitive functions in irradiation-induced cognitive dysfunction mice. ADF inhibited the expression of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and Cl.caspase-1), the downstream inflammatory factor (IL-1β and IL-18), and apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3) via western blotting. Furthermore, an increased number of neurons and activated astrocytes were observed in the hippocampus using immunohistochemistry and Sholl analysis, which was jointly confirmed by western blotting. According to our study, this is the first time we found that ADF improved cognitive dysfunction induced by irradiation, and the anti-inflammatory effect of ADF could be due to inhibition in NLRP3-mediated hippocampal neuronal loss by suppressing astrocyte activation.

Keywords:  Alternate-day fasting; Astrocyte activation; Cognitive dysfunction; Irradiation; NLRP3 inflammasome; Neuron

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105463
J Cell Sci. 2022 Dec 01. pii: jcs259748. [Epub ahead of print]135(23):

Diversity of mitophagy pathways at a glance.

Ian G Ganley, Anne Simonsen.

  Mitochondria are crucial organelles that play a central role in various cell signaling and metabolic pathways. A healthy mitochondrial population is maintained through a series of quality control pathways and requires a fine-tuned balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. Defective targeting of dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes through mitophagy has been linked to several diseases, but the underlying mechanisms and the relative importance of distinct mitophagy pathways in vivo are largely unknown. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we describe our current understanding of how parts of, or whole, mitochondria are recognized by the autophagic machinery and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. We also discuss how this might be regulated under different physiological conditions to maintain mitochondrial and cellular health.

Keywords:  BNIP3; HIF1; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; NIX; PINK1; Parkin; SLR; Selective autophagy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.259748
Cancers (Basel). 2022 Nov 25. pii: 5811. [Epub ahead of print]14(23):

SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment-Mechanisms of Action and Emerging New Perspectives.

Mieczysław Dutka, Rafał Bobiński, Tomasz Francuz, Wojciech Garczorz, Karolina Zimmer, Tomasz Ilczak, Michał Ćwiertnia, Maciej B Hajduga.

  A new group of antidiabetic drugs, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors), have recently been shown to have anticancer effects and their expression has been confirmed in many cancer cell lines. Given the metabolic reprogramming of these cells in a glucose-based model, the ability of SGLT-2 inhibitors to block the glucose uptake by cancer cells appears to be an attractive therapeutic approach. In addition to tumour cells, SGLT-2s are only found in the proximal tubules in the kidneys. Furthermore, as numerous clinical trials have shown, the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors is well-tolerated and safe in patients with diabetes and/or heart failure. In vitro cell culture studies and preclinical in vivo studies have confirmed that SGLT-2 inhibitors exhibit antiproliferative effects on certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms of this action remain unclear. Even in those tumour cell types in which SGLT-2 is present, there is sometimes an SGLT-2-independent mechanism of anticancer action of this group of drugs. This article presents the current state of knowledge of the potential mechanisms of the anticancer action of SGLT-2 inhibitors and their possible future application in clinical oncology.

Keywords:  SGLT-2 inhibitors; anti-cancer therapy; canagliflozin; dapagliflozin; empagliflozin

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14235811
Science. 2022 Dec 16. 378(6625): 1157

Exercise-crazy mice have their gut microbes to thank.

Elizabeth Pennisi.

Signal from bacteria may have same effect in people.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2856
Nature. 2022 Dec;612(7941): 592

Why does fat return after dieting? The microbiome might have a hand.



Keywords:  Metabolism

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04387-9
Drugs Aging. 2022 Dec 13.

Importance of NAD+ Anabolism in Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Tessa Helman, Nady Braidy.

The role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in ageing has emerged as a critical factor in understanding links to a wide range of chronic diseases. Depletion of NAD+, a central redox cofactor and substrate of numerous metabolic enzymes, has been detected in many major age-related diseases. However, the mechanisms behind age-associated NAD+ decline remains poorly understood. Despite limited conclusive evidence, supplements aimed at increasing NAD+ levels are becoming increasingly popular. This review provides renewed insights regarding the clinical utility and benefits of NAD+ precursors, namely nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), in attenuating NAD+ decline and phenotypic characterization of age-related disorders, including metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. While it is anticipated that NAD+ precursors can play beneficial protective roles in several conditions, they vary in their ability to promote NAD+ anabolism with differing adverse effects. Careful evaluation of the role of NAD+, whether friend or foe in ageing, should be considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-022-00989-0
Hepatol Int. 2022 Dec 12.

HMGCL-induced β-hydroxybutyrate production attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma via DPP4-mediated ferroptosis susceptibility.

Xiaohan Cui, Xiao Yun, Meiling Sun, Renzhi Li, Xiajie Lyu, Yuanxiang Lao, Wenbin Yu, Xihu Qin.

  BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorder is an essential characteristic of tumor development. Ketogenesis is a heterogeneous factor in multiple cancers, but the effect of ketogenesis on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is elusive.METHODS: We aimed to explain the role of ketogenesis-related hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA lyase (HMGCL) on HCC suppression. Expression pattern of HMGCL in HCC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). HMGCL was depleted or overexpressed in HCC cells to investigate the functions of HMGCL in vitro and in vivo. The anti-tumor function of HMGCL was studied in subcutaneous xenograft and Trp53Δhep/Δhep; c-Myc-driven HCC mouse models. The mechanism of HMGCL-mediated tumor suppression was studied by IHC, western blot (WB) and Cut & Tag.
RESULTS: HMGCL depletion promoted HCC proliferation and metastasis, whereas its overexpression reversed this trend. As HMGCL catalyzes β-hydroxy-butyric acid (β-OHB) production, we discovered that HMGCL increased acetylation at histone H3K9, which further promoted the transcription of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a key protein maintains intracellular lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation, leading to HCC cells vulnerability to erastin- and sorafenib-induced ferroptosis.
CONCLUSION: Our study identified a critical role of HMGCL on HCC suppression, of which HMGCL regulated H3K9 acetylation through β-OHB and modulating the expression of DPP4 in a dose-dependent manner, which led to ferroptosis in HCC cells.

Keywords:  Acetylation; DPP4; Ferroptosis; HMGCL; Hepatocellular carcinoma

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-022-10459-9
J Inflamm Res. 2022 ;15 6595-6605

NLRP3 Inflammasome May Be a Biomarker for Risk Stratification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

De-Gang Mo, Lin Wang, Qian-Feng Han, Kang Yu, Jia-Hui Liu, Heng-Chen Yao.

  Purpose: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, which has a considerable negative impact on the global economy. This study aimed to identify a group of ACS patients at a high risk of recurrent adverse cardiac events using the plasma NLRP3 inflammasome.Patients and methods: ACS patients admitted to Liaocheng People's Hospital between June 2021 and March 2022 were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into low (levels < 3.84 ng/mL) and high (levels ≥ 3.84 ng/mL) groups based on the median NLRP3 inflammasome levels. The patients were divided into three groups according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS-2P): low (scores ≤ 2 points), intermediate (scores = 3 points), and high (score ≥ 4 points) risk. We investigated the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome and laboratory indicators. Additionally, we examined whether the NLRP3 inflammasome was an independent predictor of high TRS-2P and explored the applicability of the plasma NLRP3 inflammasome for predicting high TRS-2P.
Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed that NLRP3 inflammasome was an independent predictor of high TRS-2P (odds ratio [OR]:2.013; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.174-3.452). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of the NLRP3 inflammasome was 0.674 (95% CI: 0.611-0.737; P < 0.001).
Conclusion: NLRP3 inflammasome levels are an independent predictive factor for high TRS-2P levels, which indicates that the NLRP3 inflammasome may help predict the prognosis of ACS patients.

Keywords:  NLRP3 inflammasome; TRS-2P; acute coronary syndrome; biomarker; risk stratification; thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score for secondary prevention

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S383903