bims-mosdis 2023-05-28 papers

bims-mosdis

Biomed News

on Mosquito distribution and disease

Issue of 2023–05–28
ten papers selected by
Richard Halfpenny, Staffordshire University

Mapping the abundance of endemic mosquito-borne diseases vectors in southern Quebec.
Integrated Plan of Insecticide Resistance Surveillance in Mosquito Vectors in France.
Urban Green Spaces and Vector-Borne Disease Risk in Africa: The Case of an Unclean Forested Park in Libreville (Gabon, Central Africa).
Spatial Analysis of Dengue Clusters at Department, Municipality and Local Scales in the Southwest of Colombia, 2014-2019.
Anopheles funestus Populations across Africa Are Broadly Susceptible to Neonicotinoids but with Signals of Possible Cross-Resistance from the GSTe2 Gene.
Seeing malaria through the eyes of affected communities: using photovoice to document local knowledge on zoonotic malaria causation and prevention practices among rural communities exposed to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Northern Borneo Island.
Relationship between Climate Variables and Dengue Incidence in Argentina.
Decrease on malaria clinical cases from 2017 to 2019 in Franceville, Southeast Gabon, Central Africa.
Genetic Diversity and Dispersal of DENGUE Virus among Three Main Island Groups of the Philippines during 2015-2017.
Spatial and temporal distribution of reported dengue cases and hot spot identification in Quezon City, Philippines, 2010-2017.

BMC Public Health. 2023 05 22. 23(1): 924

Mapping the abundance of endemic mosquito-borne diseases vectors in southern Quebec.

Antoinette Ludwig, François Rousseu, Serge Olivier Kotchi, Julie Allostry, Richard A Fournier.

   BACKGROUND: Climate change is increasing the dispersion of mosquitoes and the spread of viruses of which some mosquitoes are the main vectors. In Quebec, the surveillance and management of endemic mosquito-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus or Eastern equine encephalitis, could be improved by mapping the areas of risk supporting vector populations. However, there is currently no active tool tailored to Quebec that can predict mosquito population abundances, and we propose, with this work, to help fill this gap.
METHODS: Four species of mosquitos were studied in this project for the period from 2003 to 2016 for the southern part of the province of Quebec: Aedes vexans (VEX), Coquillettidia perturbans (CQP), Culex pipiens-restuans group (CPR) and Ochlerotatus stimulans group (SMG) species. We used a negative binomial regression approach, including a spatial component, to model the abundances of each species or species group as a function of meteorological and land-cover variables. We tested several sets of variables combination, regional and local scale variables for landcover and different lag period for the day of capture for weather variables, to finally select one best model for each species.
RESULTS: Models selected showed the importance of the spatial component, independently of the environmental variables, at the larger spatial scale. In these models, the most important land-cover predictors that favored CQP and VEX were 'forest', and 'agriculture' (for VEX only). Land-cover 'urban' had negative impact on SMG and CQP. The weather conditions on the trapping day and previous weather conditions summarized over 30 or 90 days were preferred over a shorter period of seven days, suggesting current and long-term previous weather conditions effects on mosquito abundance.
CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the spatial component highlights the difficulties in modelling the abundance of mosquito species and the model selection shows the importance of selecting the right environmental predictors, especially when choosing the temporal and spatial scale of these variables. Climate and landscape variables were important for each species or species group, suggesting it is possible to consider their use in predicting long-term spatial variationsin the abundance of mosquitoes potentially harmful to public health in southern Quebec.

Keywords:  Aedes Ochlerotatus stimulans; Aedes vexans; Coquillettidia perturbans; Culex pipiens-restuans; Mosquitoes; Public health; Southern Quebec; Space-time modelling; Vector-borne diseases; Zoonoses

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15773-x
Insects. 2023 May 12. pii: 457. [Epub ahead of print]14(5):

Integrated Plan of Insecticide Resistance Surveillance in Mosquito Vectors in France.

James Devillers, Jean-Philippe David, Benoit Barrès, Haoues Alout, Bruno Lapied, Sébastien Chouin, Isabelle Dusfour, Catherine Billault, Farida Mekki, Isabelle Attig, Vincent Corbel.

  Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, or chikungunya have been re-emerging all over the world, including in Europe. Managing resistance to public health pesticides in mosquitoes is essential and requires global, integrated, and coordinated actions and strong engagement of decision-makers, scientists, and public health operators. In this context, the present work aims at proposing an integrated plan of resistance surveillance in France and in the French Overseas territories in order to provide graduated and appropriate responses according to the situation. Briefly, the plan relies on periodic monitoring of insecticide resistance at the population level in predefined sites using adequate biological, molecular, and/or biochemical approaches and a stratification of the level of resistance risk at the scale of territory to adjust surveillance and vector control actions. The plan relies on the latest methods and indicators used for resistance monitoring as recommended by the World Health Organization in order to prevent or slow down its extension in space and time. The plan has been developed for France but can be easily adapted to other countries in order to provide a coordinated response to the growing problem of mosquito resistance in Europe.

Keywords:  France; arboviruses; insecticide resistance; mosquito surveillance; mosquito-borne diseases

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050457
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 May 10. pii: 5774. [Epub ahead of print]20(10):

Urban Green Spaces and Vector-Borne Disease Risk in Africa: The Case of an Unclean Forested Park in Libreville (Gabon, Central Africa).

Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe, Boris Kevin Makanga, Sylvie Brizard Zongo, Aubin Armel Koumba, Prune Komba, Neil-Michel Longo-Pendy, Franck Mounioko, Rodolphe Akone-Ella, Lynda Chancelya Nkoghe-Nkoghe, Marc-Flaubert Ngangue-Salamba, Patrick Yangari, Sophie Aboughe-Angone, Florence Fournet, Pierre Kengne, Christophe Paupy.

  In Africa, vector-borne diseases are a major public health issue, especially in cities. Urban greening is increasingly considered to promote inhabitants' well-being. However, the impact of urban green spaces on vector risk remains poorly investigated, particularly urban forests in poor hygienic conditions. Therefore, using larval sampling and human landing catches, this study investigated the mosquito diversity and the vector risk in a forest patch and its inhabited surroundings in Libreville, Gabon, central Africa. Among the 104 water containers explored, 94 (90.4%) were artificial (gutters, used tires, plastic bottles) and 10 (9.6%) were natural (puddles, streams, tree holes). In total, 770 mosquitoes belonging to 14 species were collected from such water containers (73.1% outside the forested area). The mosquito community was dominated by Aedes albopictus (33.5%), Culex quinquefasciatus (30.4%), and Lutzia tigripes (16.5%). Although mosquito diversity was almost double outside compared to inside the forest (Shannon diversity index: 1.3 vs. 0.7, respectively), the species relative abundance (Morisita-Horn index = 0.7) was similar. Ae. albopictus (86.1%) was the most aggressive species, putting people at risk of Aedes-borne viruses. This study highlights the importance of waste pollution in urban forested ecosystems as a potential driver of mosquito-borne diseases.

Keywords:  Aedes; Anopheles; Culex; Gabon; central Africa; urban forest; urbanization; vector-borne diseases

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105774
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023 May 02. pii: 262. [Epub ahead of print]8(5):

Spatial Analysis of Dengue Clusters at Department, Municipality and Local Scales in the Southwest of Colombia, 2014-2019.

Catalina Marceló-Díaz, María Camila Lesmes, Erika Santamaría, José Alejandro Salamanca, Patricia Fuya, Horacio Cadena, Paola Muñoz-Laiton, Carlos Andrés Morales.

  Dengue is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and is one of the 15 main public health problems in the world, including Colombia. Where limited financial resources create a problem for management, there is a need for the department to prioritize target areas for public health implementation. This study focuses on a spatio-temporal analysis to determine the targeted area to manage the public health problems related to dengue cases. To this end, three phases at three different scales were carried out. First, for the departmental scale, four risk clusters were identified in Cauca (RR ≥ 1.49) using the Poisson model, and three clusters were identified through Getis-Ord Gi* hotspots analysis; among them, Patía municipality presented significantly high incidence rates in the time window (2014-2018). Second, on the municipality scale, altitude and minimum temperature were observed to be more relevant than precipitation; considering posterior means, no spatial autocorrelation for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo was found (Moran test ˂ 1.0), and convergence was reached for b1-b105 with 20,000 iterations. Finally, on the local scale, a clustered pattern was observed for dengue cases distribution (nearest neighbour index, NNI = 0.202819) and the accumulated number of pupae (G = 0.70007). Two neighbourhoods showed higher concentrations of both epidemiological and entomological hotspots. In conclusion, the municipality of Patía is in an operational scenario of a high transmission of dengue.

Keywords:  Aedes aegypti; Getis-Ord Gi*; Poisson regression; pupae index; spatio-temporal analysis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050262
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023 Apr 24. pii: 244. [Epub ahead of print]8(5):

Anopheles funestus Populations across Africa Are Broadly Susceptible to Neonicotinoids but with Signals of Possible Cross-Resistance from the GSTe2 Gene.

Tatiane Assatse, Magellan Tchouakui, Leon Mugenzi, Benjamin Menze, Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete, Williams Tchapga, Sevilor Kekeunou, Charles S Wondji.

  Evaluating the susceptibility of malaria vectors to the new WHO-recommended products is a key step before large-scale deployment. We mapped the susceptibility profile of Anopheles funestus to neonicotinoids across Africa and established the diagnostic doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid with acetone + MERO as solvent. Indoor resting An. funestus were collected in 2021 in Cameroon, Malawi, Ghana and Uganda. Susceptibility to clothianidin, imidacloprid and acetamiprid was evaluated using CDC bottle assays and offsprings of the field-caught adults. The L119F-GSTe2 marker was genotyped to assess the potential cross-resistance between clothianidin and this DDT/pyrethroid-resistant marker. Mosquitoes were susceptible to the three neonicotinoids diluted in acetone + MERO, whereas low mortality was noticed with ethanol or acetone alone. The doses of 6 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL were established as diagnostic concentrations of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, with acetone + MERO. Pre-exposure to synergists significantly restored the susceptibility to clothianidin. A positive correlation was observed between L119F-GSTe2 mutation and clothianidin resistance with the homozygote resistant mosquitoes being more able to survive than heterozygote or susceptible. This study revealed that An. funestus populations across Africa are susceptible to neonicotinoids, and as such, this insecticide class could be effectively implemented to control this species using IRS. However, potential cross-resistance conferred by GSTe2 calls for regular resistance monitoring in the field.

Keywords:  Anopheles funestus; L119F-GSTe2; MERO; clothianidin; malaria; neonicotinoids

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050244
Malar J. 2023 May 26. 22(1): 166

Seeing malaria through the eyes of affected communities: using photovoice to document local knowledge on zoonotic malaria causation and prevention practices among rural communities exposed to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Northern Borneo Island.

Nurul Athirah Naserrudin, Pauline Pau Lin Yong, April Monroe, Richard Culleton, Sara Elizabeth Baumann, Shigeharu Sato, Rozita Hod, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan.

   BACKGROUND: Many rural communities in Malaysian Borneo and Southeast Asia are at risk of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Multiple factors contribute to infection, however, a deep understanding of illness causation and prevention practices among at-risk communities remains limited. This study aims to document local knowledge on malaria causation and preventive practices of rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia, using photovoice-a participatory research method.
METHODS: From January to June 2022, a photovoice study was conducted with rural communities in Matunggong subdistrict, Malaysia, to explore their experiences with and local knowledge of non-human primate malaria and prevention practices. The study included (1) an introductory phase in which participants were introduced to the photovoice method; (2) a documentation phase in which participants captured and narrated photos from their communities; (3) a discussion phase in which participants discussed photos and relevant topics through a series of three focus group discussions (FGDs) per village; and (4) a dissemination phase where selected photos were shared with key stakeholders through a photo exhibition. A purposively selected sample of 26 participants (adults > 18 years old, male, and female) from four villages participated in all phases of the study. The study activities were conducted in Sabah Malay dialect. Participants and the research team contributed to data review and analyses.
RESULTS: Rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia possess local knowledge that attributes non-human primate malaria to natural factors related to the presence of mosquitoes that bite humans and which carry "kuman-malaria" or malaria parasite. Participants revealed various preventive practises ranging from traditional practises, including burning dried leaves and using plants that produce foul odours, to non-traditional approaches such as aerosols and mosquito repellents. By engaging with researchers and policymakers, the participants or termed as co-researchers in this study, showcased their ability to learn and appreciate new knowledge and perspectives and valued the opportunity to share their voices with policymakers. The study successfully fostered a balance of power dynamics between the co-researchers, research team members and policymakers.
CONCLUSION: There were no misconceptions about malaria causation among study participants. The insights from study participants are relevant because of their living experience with the non-human malaria. It is critical to incorporate rural community perspectives in designing locally effective and feasible malaria interventions in rural Sabah, Malaysia. Future research can consider adapting the photovoice methodology for further research with the community toward building locally tailored-malaria strategies.

Keywords:  Knowledge; Local beliefs; Malaria prevention; Malaysia; Participatory study; Photovoice; Plasmodium knowlesi; Preventive practises; Zoonotic malaria

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04603-5
Environ Health Perspect. 2023 May;131(5): 57008

Relationship between Climate Variables and Dengue Incidence in Argentina.

María S López, Andre A Gómez, Gabriela V Müller, Elisabet Walker, Michael A Robert, Elizabet L Estallo.

BACKGROUND: Climate change is an important driver of the increased spread of dengue from tropical and subtropical regions to temperate areas around the world. Climate variables such as temperature and precipitation influence the dengue vector's biology, physiology, abundance, and life cycle. Thus, an analysis is needed of changes in climate change and their possible relationships with dengue incidence and the growing occurrence of epidemics recorded in recent decades.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the increasing incidence of dengue driven by climate change at the southern limits of dengue virus transmission in South America.
METHODS: We analyzed the evolution of climatological, epidemiological, and biological variables by comparing a period of time without the presence of dengue cases (1976-1997) to a more recent period of time in which dengue cases and important outbreaks occurred (1998-2020). In our analysis, we consider climate variables associated with temperature and precipitation, epidemiological variables such as the number of reported dengue cases and incidence of dengue, and biological variables such as the optimal temperature ranges for transmission of dengue vector.
RESULTS: The presence of dengue cases and epidemic outbreaks are observed to be consistent with positive trends in temperature and anomalies from long-term means. Dengue cases do not seem to be associated with precipitation trends and anomalies. The number of days with optimal temperatures for dengue transmission increased from the period without dengue cases to the period with occurrences of dengue cases. The number of months with optimal transmission temperatures also increased between periods but to a lesser extent.
CONCLUSIONS: The higher incidence of dengue virus and its expansion to different regions of Argentina seem to be associated with temperature increases in the country during the past two decades. The active surveillance of both the vector and associated arboviruses, together with continued meteorological data collection, will facilitate the assessment and prediction of future epidemics that use trends in the accelerated changes in climate. Such surveillance should go hand in hand with efforts to improve the understanding of the mechanisms driving the geographic expansion of dengue and other arboviruses beyond the current limits. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11616.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11616
J Public Health Afr. 2023 Mar 31. 14(3): 1865

Decrease on malaria clinical cases from 2017 to 2019 in Franceville, Southeast Gabon, Central Africa.

Larson Boundenga, Michelle Bignoumba, Serge-Ely Dibakou, Landry Erik Mombo, Clauve Jauvert Moukagni-Mussadji, Dorothé Marielle Wora, Fabrice Kassa-Kassa, Cyrille Bisseye, Richard Onanga.

   Background: In Gabon, malaria remains a major public health problem. All malaria cases with axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C with a parasites density ≥ 1200/μL are serious cases and must be treated as a medical emergency. Thus, early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. Because of the impact of malaria on the population, the surveillance of malaria infections in hospitals is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to to assess of clinical cases of malaria in a private health structure in Franceville between 2017 and 2019.
Methods: For that, we conducted a retrospective study using data on malaria cases recorded in a private medical analysis laboratory in Franceville, southeast Gabon. Malaria was diagnosed in this laboratory using a Rapid Diagnostic Test and confirmed by microscopic analysis.
Results: Analysis of 2518 patient forms revealed an increase in malaria prevalence in Franceville between 2017-2019. The global clinical cases was 26.1% (658/2015). Children under 5 years (44.0%) and patients aged 5-14 years (40.1%) were more affected than patients aged ≥15 years (18.8%, P=0.0001). Malaria infection was also significantly dependent on season and gender. We observed at least three Plasmodium species and the predominant Plasmodium species was P. falciparum 80.0%, followed by P. ovale (19.5%) and P. malariae (17.8%).
Conclusion: Our study showed that malaria remains a public health priority for the population of Franceville and that the prevalence of clinical cases of malaria at the laboratory decrease between 2017 and 2019. Our results highlight the need for strategies to control malaria in Franceville, adapted to epidemiological contexts and environmental constraint.

Keywords:  Age; Diversity; Gabon; Malaria prevalence; Season; Sex

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.1865
Viruses. 2023 Apr 28. pii: 1079. [Epub ahead of print]15(5):

Genetic Diversity and Dispersal of DENGUE Virus among Three Main Island Groups of the Philippines during 2015-2017.

Ava Kristy Sy, Carmen Koo, Kristine J R Privaldos, Mary Ann T Quinones, Mary A U Igoy, Sharon Y A M Villanueva, Martin L Hibberd, Lee Ching Ng, Hapuarachchige C Hapuarachchi.

  Dengue has been one of the major public health concerns in the Philippines for more than a century. The annual dengue case burden has been increasing in recent years, exceeding 200,000 in 2015 and 2019. However, there is limited information on the molecular epidemiology of dengue in the Philippines. We, therefore, conducted a study to understand the genetic composition and dispersal of DENV in the Philippines from 2015 to 2017 under UNITEDengue. Our analyses included 377 envelope (E) gene sequences of all 4 serotypes obtained from infections in 3 main island groups (Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao) of the Philippines. The findings showed that the overall diversity of DENV was generally low. DENV-1 was relatively more diverse than the other serotypes. Virus dispersal was evident among the three main island groups, but each island group demonstrated a distinct genotype composition. These observations suggested that the intensity of virus dispersal was not substantive enough to maintain a uniform heterogeneity among island groups so that each island group behaved as an independent epidemiological unit. The analyses suggested Luzon as one of the major sources of DENV emergence and CAR, Calabarzon, and CARAGA as important hubs of virus dispersal in the Philippines. Our findings highlight the importance of virus surveillance and molecular epidemiological analyses to gain deep insights into virus diversity, lineage dominance, and dispersal patterns that could assist in understanding the epidemiology and transmission risk of dengue in endemic regions.

Keywords:  dengue virus; evolution; genetic diversity; molecular epidemiology; phylogeography

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051079
Trop Med Health. 2023 May 25. 51(1): 31

Spatial and temporal distribution of reported dengue cases and hot spot identification in Quezon City, Philippines, 2010-2017.

John Robert C Medina, Rie Takeuchi, Chris Erwin G Mercado, Calvin S de Los Reyes, Rolando V Cruz, Melvin D R Abrigo, Paul Michael R Hernandez, Fernando B Garcia, Mika Salanguit, Ernesto R Gregorio, Shin'ya Kawamura, Khew Ee Hung, Masami Kaneko, Daisuke Nonaka, Richard J Maude, Jun Kobayashi.

   BACKGROUND: Dengue remains a major public health problem in the Philippines, particularly in urban areas of the National Capital Region. Thematic mapping using geographic information systems complemented by spatial analysis such as cluster analysis and hot spot detection can provide useful information to guide preventive measures and control strategies against dengue. Hence, this study was aimed to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue incidence and identify dengue hot spots by barangay using reported cases from Quezon City, the Philippines from 2010 to 2017.
METHODS: Reported dengue case data at barangay level from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017 were obtained from the Quezon City Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit. The annual incidence rate of dengue from 2010 to 2017, expressed as the total number of dengue cases per 10,000 population in each year, was calculated for each barangay. Thematic mapping, global cluster analysis, and hot spot analysis were performed using ArcGIS 10.3.1.
RESULTS: The number of reported dengue cases and their spatial distribution varied highly between years. Local clusters were evident during the study period. Eighteen barangays were identified as hot spots.
CONCLUSIONS: Considering the spatial heterogeneity and instability of hot spots in Quezon City across years, efforts towards the containment of dengue can be made more targeted, and efficient with the application of hot spot analysis in routine surveillance. This may be useful not only for the control of dengue but also for other diseases, and for public health planning, monitoring, and evaluation.

Keywords:  And Getis-Ord Local Gi*; Dengue; GIS; Getis-Ord General G statistic; Hot spot; Philippines; Quezon City; Spatial cluster

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-023-00523-x