bims-noxint Biomed News
on NADPH oxidases in tumorigenesis
Issue of 2020–10–25
six papers selected by
Laia Caja Puigsubira, Uppsala University
  1. Importance of cholesterol-rich microdomains in the regulation of Nox isoforms and redox signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
  2. Methylation-dependent antioxidant-redox imbalance regulates hypertensive kidney injury in aging.
  3. Y-27632 Induces Neurite Outgrowth by Activating the NOX1-Mediated AKT and PAK1 Phosphorylation Cascades in PC12 Cells.
  4. Innate-adaptive immunity interplay and redox regulation in immune response.
  5. LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Is Mediated by Nox4-SH3YL1.
  6. Oxidative stress resulting from the removal of endogenous catalase induces obesity by promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipocytes.
  1. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 20. 10(1): 17818
    Importance of cholesterol-rich microdomains in the regulation of Nox isoforms and redox signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
    Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou, Livia L Camargo, Daniel Rodrigues, Augusto C Montezano, Rhian M Touyz.
      Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function is regulated by Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox-dependent signaling in discrete cellular compartments. Whether cholesterol-rich microdomains (lipid rafts/caveolae) are involved in these processes is unclear. Here we examined the sub-cellular compartmentalization of Nox isoforms in lipid rafts/caveolae and assessed the role of these microdomains in VSMC ROS production and pro-contractile and growth signaling. Intact small arteries and primary VSMCs from humans were studied. Vessels from Cav-1-/- mice were used to test proof of concept. Human VSMCs express Nox1, Nox4, Nox5 and Cav-1. Cell fractionation studies showed that Nox1 and Nox5 but not Nox4, localize in cholesterol-rich fractions in VSMCs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation induced trafficking into and out of lipid rafts/caveolae for Nox1 and Nox5 respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed interactions between Cav-1/Nox1 but not Cav-1/Nox5. Lipid raft/caveolae disruptors (methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) and Nystatin) and Ang II stimulation variably increased O2- generation and phosphorylation of MLC20, Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) and p53 but not ERK1/2, effects recapitulated in Cav-1 silenced (siRNA) VSMCs. Nox inhibition prevented Ang II-induced phosphorylation of signaling molecules, specifically, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was attenuated by mellitin (Nox5 inhibitor) and Nox5 siRNA, while p53 phosphorylation was inhibited by NoxA1ds (Nox1 inhibitor). Ang II increased oxidation of DJ1, dual anti-oxidant and signaling molecule, through lipid raft/caveolae-dependent processes. Vessels from Cav-1-/- mice exhibited increased O2- generation and phosphorylation of ERM. We identify an important role for lipid rafts/caveolae that act as signaling platforms for Nox1 and Nox5 but not Nox4, in human VSMCs. Disruption of these microdomains promotes oxidative stress and Nox isoform-specific redox signalling important in vascular dysfunction associated with cardiovascular diseases.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73751-4
  2. Redox Biol. 2020 Oct 10. pii: S2213-2317(20)30959-9. [Epub ahead of print]37 101754
    Methylation-dependent antioxidant-redox imbalance regulates hypertensive kidney injury in aging.
    Sathnur Pushpakumar, Lu Ren, Subir Kumar Juin, Suravi Majumder, Rohan Kulkarni, Utpal Sen.
      The prevalence of hypertension increases with age, and oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced kidney damage in aging. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) family is one of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and several NADPH oxidase isoforms are highly expressed in the kidney. Although epigenetic protein modification plays a role in organ injury, the methylation of the oxidant-antioxidant defense system and their role in hypertension-induced kidney damage in aging remains underexplored. The present study investigated the role of NADPH oxidase 4, superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase, and NOS in Ang-II induced kidney damage in aging. Wild type (WT, C57BL/6J) mice aged 12-14 and 75-78 weeks were used and treated with or without Ang-II (1000 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks with control mice receiving saline. Aged mice with or without Ang-II exhibited higher mean BP, lower renal blood flow, and decreased renal vascular density compared to young mice. While superoxide, 4-HNE, p22phox, Nox4, iNOS were increased in the aged kidney, the expression of eNOS, MnSOD, CuSOD, catalase, Sirt1, and -3 as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSG, and activities of SODs and catalase were decreased compared to young control mice. The changes further deteriorated with Ang-II treatment. In Ang-II treated aged mice, the expressions of DNMTs were increased and associated with increased methylation of SODs, Sirt1, and Nox4. We conclude that hypermethylation of antioxidant enzymes in the aged kidney during hypertension worsens redox imbalance leading to kidney damage.
    Keywords:  Aging; Catalase; DNMT; Epigenetics; Hypertension; Kidney; Nox4; Oxidase; Sirt
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101754
  3. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 16. pii: E7679. [Epub ahead of print]21(20):
    Y-27632 Induces Neurite Outgrowth by Activating the NOX1-Mediated AKT and PAK1 Phosphorylation Cascades in PC12 Cells.
    So Yeong Park, Jeong Mi An, Jeong Taeg Seo, Su Ryeon Seo.
      Y-27632 is known as a selective Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. Y-27632 has been shown to induce neurite outgrowth in several neuronal cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms linking neurite outgrowth to Y-27632 are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the ability of Y-27632 to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and evaluated the signaling cascade. The effect of Y-27632 on the neurite outgrowth was inhibited by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and trolox. Furthermore, Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth was not triggered by NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) knockdown or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a NOX inhibitor. Suppression of the Rho-family GTPase Rac1, which is under the negative control of ROCK, with expression of the dominant negative Rac1 mutant (Rac1N17) prevented Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 prevented Y-27632-induced AKT and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) activation. AKT inhibition with MK2206 suppressed Y-27632-induced PAK1 phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth. In conclusion, our results suggest that Rac1/NOX1-dependent ROS generation and subsequent activation of the AKT/PAK1 cascade contribute to Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
    Keywords:  AKT; NADPH oxidase; Y-27632; neurite outgrowth; p21-activated kinase 1
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207679
  4. Redox Biol. 2020 Oct 10. pii: S2213-2317(20)30964-2. [Epub ahead of print]37 101759
    Innate-adaptive immunity interplay and redox regulation in immune response.
    Lizhe Sun, Xianwei Wang, Jason Saredy, Zuyi Yuan, Xiaofeng Yang, Hong Wang.
      Innate and adaptive immune cell activation and infiltration is the key characteristic of tissue inflammation. The innate immune system is the front line of host defense in which innate immune cells are activated by danger signals, including pathogen- and danger-associated molecular pattern, and metabolite-associated danger signal. Innate immunity activation can directly contribute to tissue inflammation or immune resolution by phagocytosis and secretion of biologically active molecules, or indirectly via antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation-mediated adaptive immune responses. This review article describes the cellular and molecular interplay of innate-adaptive immune systems. Three major mechanisms are emphasized in this article for their role in facilitating innate-adaptive immunity interplay. 1) APC can be formed from classical and conditional innate immune cells to bridge innate-adaptive immune response. 2) Immune checkpoint molecular pairs connect innate and adaptive immune cells to direct one-way and two-way immune checkpoint reactions. 3) Metabolic reprogramming during immune responses leads to excessive cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Increased NADPH oxidase-derived extracellular and intracellular ROS are mostly responsible for oxidative stress, which contributes to functional changes in immune cells. Further understanding of innate-adaptive immunity interplay and its underlying molecular basis would lead to the identification of therapeutic targets for immunological and inflammatory disease.
    Keywords:  Adaptive immunity; Immune checkpoint; Immune interplay; Innate immunity; Reactive oxygen species
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101759
  5. Cell Rep. 2020 Oct 20. pii: S2211-1247(20)31234-1. [Epub ahead of print]33(3): 108245
    LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Is Mediated by Nox4-SH3YL1.
    Jung-Yeon Yoo, Dae Ryong Cha, Borim Kim, Eun Jung An, Sae Rom Lee, Jin Joo Cha, Young Sun Kang, Jung Yeon Ghee, Jee Young Han, Yun Soo Bae.
      Cytosolic proteins are required for regulation of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase (Nox) isozymes. Here we show that Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing YSC84-like 1 (SH3YL1), as a Nox4 cytosolic regulator, mediates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H2O2 generation, leading to acute kidney injury. The SH3YL1, Ysc84p/Lsb4p, Lsb3p, and plant FYVE proteins (SYLF) region and SH3 domain of SH3YL1 contribute to formation of a complex with Nox4-p22phox. Interaction of p22phox with SH3YL1 is triggered by LPS, and the complex induces H2O2 generation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse tubular epithelial cells. After LPS injection, SH3YL1 knockout mice show lower levels of acute kidney injury biomarkers, decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased infiltration of macrophages, and reduced tubular damage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The results strongly suggest that SH3YL1 is involved in renal failure in LPS-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mice. We demonstrate that formation of a ternary complex of p22phox-SH3YL1-Nox4, leading to H2O2 generation, induces severe renal failure in the LPS-induced AKI model.
    Keywords:  AKI; H(2)O(2,) LPS; Nox4; SH3YL1; TLR4; cytokine; inflammation; sepsis; tubular damage
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108245
  6. Redox Biol. 2020 Oct 10. pii: S2213-2317(20)30954-X. [Epub ahead of print]37 101749
    Oxidative stress resulting from the removal of endogenous catalase induces obesity by promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipocytes.
    Su-Kyung Shin, Hyun-Woo Cho, Seung-Eun Song, Seung-Soon Im, Jae-Hoon Bae, Dae-Kyu Song.
      Obesity is regarded as an abnormal expansion and excessive accumulation of fat mass in white adipose tissue. The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of obesity is still unclear. Although mainly present in peroxisomes, catalase scavenges intracellular H2O2 at toxic levels. Therefore, we used catalase-knockout (CKO) mice to elucidate the involvement of excessive H2O2 in the development of obesity. CKO mice with C57BL/6J background gained more weight with higher body fat mass with age than age-matched wild-type (WT) mice fed with either chow or high-fat diets. This phenomenon was attenuated by concomitant treatment with the antioxidants, melatonin or N-acetyl cysteine. Moreover, CKO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) appeared to differentiate to adipocytes more easily than WT MEFs, showing increased H2O2 concentrations. Using 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes transfected with catalase-small interfering RNA, we confirmed that a more prominent lipogenesis occurred in catalase-deficient cells than in WT cells. Catalase-deficient adipocytes presented increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression but decreased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Treatment with a NOX4 inhibitor or AMPK activator rescued the propensity for obesity of CKO mice. These findings suggest that excessive H2O2 and related oxidative stress increase body fat mass via both adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Manipulating NOX4 and AMPK in white adipocytes may be a therapeutic tool against obesity augmented by oxidative stress.
    Keywords:  AMPK; Catalase; Lipogenesis; NOX4; Obesity; White adipocyte
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101749
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