bims-proteo Biomed News
on Proteostasis
Issue of 2021‒06‒20
forty-seven papers selected by
Eric Chevet
INSERM
  1. Phosphoproteomic identification of ULK substrates reveals VPS15-dependent ULK/VPS34 interplay in the regulation of autophagy.
  2. Identification and validation of selective deubiquitinase inhibitors.
  3. The Impact of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Modifications, Folding and Degradation on Lung Structure and Function.
  4. Evidence for nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation.
  5. Immunoproteasome impairment via β5i/LMP7-deletion leads to sustained pancreatic injury from experimental pancreatitis.
  6. Inhibition of translation initiation factor eIF4a inactivates heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and exerts anti-leukemia activity in AML.
  7. Proteasome dysfunction under compromised redox metabolism dictates liver injury in NASH through ASK1/PPARγ binodal complementary modules.
  8. Spc1 regulates the signal peptidase-mediated processing of membrane proteins.
  9. Pathological Crosstalk Between Oxidized LDL and ER Stress in Human Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.
  10. Maturation of the Na,K-ATPase in the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Health and Disease.
  11. Scap structures highlight key role for rotation of intertwined luminal loops in cholesterol sensing.
  12. Characterising Plant Deubiquitinases with in vitro Activity-based Labelling and Ubiquitin Chain Disassembly Assays.
  13. P300-mediated NEDD4 acetylation drives ebolavirus VP40 egress by enhancing NEDD4 ligase activity.
  14. VPS13D interacts with VCP/p97 and negatively regulates ER- mitochondrial interactions.
  15. Hakai is required for stabilization of core components of the m6A mRNA methylation machinery.
  16. Oncogene-regulated release of extracellular vesicles.
  17. MYH9-dependent polarization of ATG9B promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by accelerating focal adhesion assembly.
  18. E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD2 mediates melanoma progression and immune evasion.
  19. Crosstalk of the IκB Kinase with Spliced X-Box Binding Protein 1 Couples Inflammation with Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.
  20. The sigma 1 receptor: A local media influencer.
  21. Neutrophils drive endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells through arginase-1 release.
  22. Remodelling of Nucleus-Vacuole Junctions During Metabolic and Proteostatic Stress.
  23. Colorectal cancer cells utilize autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolism for cell proliferation under nutrient stress.
  24. Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain.
  25. Activation of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) Signaling Pathway in Neurons Improves Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Mice.
  26. ALS-linked mutations impair UBQLN2 stress-induced biomolecular condensate assembly in cells.
  27. Proteomic analysis identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling.
  28. Inhibition of selective autophagy by members of the herpesvirus ubiquitin-deconjugase family.
  29. M05B5.4 (Lysosomal phospholipase A2) promotes disintegration of autophagic vesicles to maintain C. elegans development.
  30. Advancing targeted protein degradation for cancer therapy.
  31. The HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases and PTEN.
  32. Unfolded protein response triggers differential apoptotic mechanisms in ovaries and early embryos exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes.
  33. Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal autophagosome formation in astrocytes.
  34. Edem1 activity in the fat body regulates insulin signalling and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila.
  35. Regulation of Rho GTPases in the Vasculature by Cullin3-Based E3 Ligase Complexes.
  36. Inherited nuclear pore substructures template post-mitotic pore assembly.
  37. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: The missing link between NOD1/2 and ER stress.
  38. Bi-allelic variants in the ER quality control mannosidase gene EDEM3 cause a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
  39. Spatiotemporally resolved subcellular phosphoproteomics.
  40. The Deubiquitinase USP39 Promotes ESCC Tumorigenesis Through Pre-mRNA Splicing of the mTORC2 Component Rictor.
  41. p53 loss activates prometastatic secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi.
  42. E3 ligase MKRN3 is a tumor suppressor regulating PABPC1 ubiquitination in non-small cell lung cancer.
  43. A signal capture and proofreading mechanism for the KDEL-receptor explains selectivity and dynamic range in ER retrieval.
  44. Mechanism, Specificity And Function Of FANCD2-FANCI Ubiquitination And Deubiquitination.
  45. Manipulation of the unfolded protein response: A pharmacological strategy against coronavirus infection.
  46. The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex LUBAC generates heterotypic ubiquitin chains.
  47. In situ analysis of N-linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer.
  1. EMBO J. 2021 06 14. e105985
    Phosphoproteomic identification of ULK substrates reveals VPS15-dependent ULK/VPS34 interplay in the regulation of autophagy.
    Thomas John Mercer, Yohei Ohashi, Stefan Boeing, Harold B J Jefferies, Stefano De Tito, Helen Flynn, Shirley Tremel, Wenxin Zhang, Martina Wirth, David Frith, Ambrosius P Snijders, Roger Lee Williams, Sharon A Tooze.
      Autophagy is a process through which intracellular cargoes are catabolised inside lysosomes. It involves the formation of autophagosomes initiated by the serine/threonine kinase ULK and class III PI3 kinase VPS34 complexes. Here, unbiased phosphoproteomics screens in mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for Ulk1/2 reveal that ULK loss significantly alters the phosphoproteome, with novel high confidence substrates identified including VPS34 complex member VPS15 and AMPK complex subunit PRKAG2. We identify six ULK-dependent phosphorylation sites on VPS15, mutation of which reduces autophagosome formation in cells and VPS34 activity in vitro. Mutation of serine 861, the major VPS15 phosphosite, decreases both autophagy initiation and autophagic flux. Analysis of VPS15 knockout cells reveals two novel ULK-dependent phenotypes downstream of VPS15 removal that can be partially recapitulated by chronic VPS34 inhibition, starvation-independent accumulation of ULK substrates and kinase activity-regulated recruitment of autophagy proteins to ubiquitin-positive structures.
    Keywords:  PIK3R4; PRKAG2; ULK1; VPS15; p62
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020105985
  2. Cell Chem Biol. 2021 Jun 02. pii: S2451-9456(21)00257-9. [Epub ahead of print]
    Identification and validation of selective deubiquitinase inhibitors.
    Anthony C Varca, Dominick Casalena, Wai Cheung Chan, Bin Hu, Robert S Magin, Rebekka M Roberts, Xiaoxi Liu, He Zhu, Hyuk-Soo Seo, Sirano Dhe-Paganon, Jarrod A Marto, Douglas Auld, Sara J Buhrlage.
      Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are a class of isopeptidases that regulate ubiquitin dynamics through catalytic cleavage of ubiquitin from protein substrates and ubiquitin precursors. Despite growing interest in DUB biological function and potential as therapeutic targets, few selective small-molecule inhibitors and no approved drugs currently exist. To identify chemical scaffolds targeting specific DUBs and establish a broader framework for future inhibitor development across the gene family, we performed high-throughput screening of a chemically diverse small-molecule library against eight different DUBs, spanning three well-characterized DUB families. Promising hit compounds were validated in a series of counter-screens and orthogonal assays, as well as further assessed for selectivity across expanded panels of DUBs. Through these efforts, we have identified multiple highly selective DUB inhibitors and developed a roadmap for rapidly identifying and validating selective inhibitors of related enzymes.
    Keywords:  deubiquitinase; high-throughput screening; small-molecule inhibitor
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.012
  3. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 665622
    The Impact of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Modifications, Folding and Degradation on Lung Structure and Function.
    Emily M Nakada, Rui Sun, Utako Fujii, James G Martin.
      The accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) and other mechanisms to restore ER homeostasis, including translational shutdown, increased targeting of mRNAs for degradation by the IRE1-dependent decay pathway, selective translation of proteins that contribute to the protein folding capacity of the ER, and activation of the ER-associated degradation machinery. When ER stress is excessive or prolonged and these mechanisms fail to restore proteostasis, the UPR triggers the cell to undergo apoptosis. This review also examines the overlooked role of post-translational modifications and their roles in protein processing and effects on ER stress and the UPR. Finally, these effects are examined in the context of lung structure, function, and disease.
    Keywords:  disulfide bonds; endoplasmic reticulum; integrated stress response; lung disease; lung function; post-translational modifications; unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.665622
  4. Glycobiology. 2021 Jun 15. pii: cwab055. [Epub ahead of print]
    Evidence for nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation.
    Brittany J Bisnett, Brett M Condon, Noah A Linhart, Caitlin H Lamb, Duc T Huynh, Jingyi Bai, Timothy J Smith, Jimin Hu, George R Georgiou, Michael Boyce.
      O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. Our work suggests a new connection between metabolism and trafficking through the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation.
    Keywords:  COPII; Membrane trafficking; Nutrient signaling; O-GlcNAc
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwab055
  5. J Cell Mol Med. 2021 Jun 15.
    Immunoproteasome impairment via β5i/LMP7-deletion leads to sustained pancreatic injury from experimental pancreatitis.
    Laura L de Freitas Chama, Frédéric Ebstein, Birthe Wiesrecker, Preshit R Wagh, Elke Hammer, Frank U Weiss, Heike Junker, Maja Studencka-Turski, Markus M Lerch, Elke Krüger, Matthias Sendler.
      Uncovering potential new targets involved in pancreatitis may permit the development of new therapies and improvement of patient's outcome. Acute pancreatitis is a primarily sterile disease characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with extensive necrosis and a mortality rate of up to 24%. Considering that one of the reported disease mechanisms comprises the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and that the immunoproteasome is a key regulator to prevent proteotoxic stress in an inflammatory context, we investigated its role in acute pancreatitis. In this study, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome deficiency by deletion of the β5i/LMP7-subunit leads to persistent pancreatic damage. Interestingly, immunoproteasome-deficient mice unveil increased activity of pancreatic enzymes in the acute disease phase as well as higher secretion of Interleukin-6 and transcript expression of the Interleukin IL-1β, IFN-β cytokines and the CXCL-10 chemokine. Cell death was increased in immunoproteasome-deficient mice, which appears to be due to the increased accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates and prolonged unfolded protein response. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the immunoproteasome plays a protective role in acute pancreatitis via its role in the clearance of damaged proteins and the balance of ER stress responses in pancreatic acini and in macrophages cytokine production.
    Keywords:  ER stress; PSMB8; cell death; cytokines; pancreatitis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16682
  6. Leukemia. 2021 Jun 14.
    Inhibition of translation initiation factor eIF4a inactivates heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and exerts anti-leukemia activity in AML.
    Yuki Nishida, Ran Zhao, Lauren E Heese, Hiroki Akiyama, Shreya Patel, Alex M Jaeger, Rodrigo O Jacamo, Kensuke Kojima, Man Chun John Ma, Vivian R Ruvolo, Dhruv Chachad, William Devine, Susan Lindquist, R Eric Davis, John A Porco, Luke Whitesell, Michael Andreeff, Jo Ishizawa.
      Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), the enzymatic core of the eIF4F complex essential for translation initiation, plays a key role in the oncogenic reprogramming of protein synthesis, and thus is a putative therapeutic target in cancer. As important component of its anticancer activity, inhibition of translation initiation can alleviate oncogenic activation of HSF1, a stress-inducible transcription factor that enables cancer cell growth and survival. Here, we show that primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells exhibit the highest transcript levels of eIF4A1 compared to other cancer types. eIF4A inhibition by the potent and specific compound rohinitib (RHT) inactivated HSF1 in these cells, and exerted pronounced in vitro and in vivo anti-leukemia effects against progenitor and leukemia-initiating cells, especially those with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD). In addition to its own anti-leukemic activity, genetic knockdown of HSF1 also sensitized FLT3-mutant AML cells to clinical FLT3 inhibitors, and this synergy was conserved in FLT3 double-mutant cells carrying both ITD and tyrosine kinase domain mutations. Consistently, the combination of RHT and FLT3 inhibitors was highly synergistic in primary FLT3-mutated AML cells. Our results provide a novel therapeutic rationale for co-targeting eIF4A and FLT3 to address the clinical challenge of treating FLT3-mutant AML.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01308-z
  7. Redox Biol. 2021 Jun 11. pii: S2213-2317(21)00202-0. [Epub ahead of print]45 102043
    Proteasome dysfunction under compromised redox metabolism dictates liver injury in NASH through ASK1/PPARγ binodal complementary modules.
    Debajyoti Das, Avishek Paul, Abhishake Lahiri, Moumita Adak, Sujay K Maity, Ankita Sarkar, Sandip Paul, Partha Chakrabarti.
      Incidence of hepatotoxicity following acute drug-induced proteasomal inhibition and development of chronic proteasome dysfunction in obesity and insulin resistance underscores the crucial importance of hepatic protein homeostasis albeit with an elusive molecular basis and therapeutic opportunities. Apart from lipotoxicity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, herein we report that hepatocytes are highly susceptible to proteasome-associated metabolic stress attune to altered redox homeostasis. Bortezomib-induced proteasomal inhibition caused severe hepatocellular injury independent of ER stress via proapoptotic Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1)- c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1)- p38 signaling concomitant with inadequate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)- Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) -driven antioxidant response. Although inhibition of ASK1 rescued acute hepatotoxicity, hepatic depletion of PPARγ or its physiological activator pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) further aggravated liver injury even under ASK1 inhibition, emphasizing that endogenous PPARγ driven antioxidant activity serves as a prerequisite for the favorable therapeutic outcome of ASK1 inhibition. Consequently, ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib and PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in pharmacological synergism ameliorated bortezomib-induced hepatotoxicity and significantly prolonged survival duration in mice. Moreover, we showed that proteasome dysfunction is associated with ASK1 activation and insufficient PPARγ/Nrf2-driven antioxidative response in a subset of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients and the preclinical NASH model. The latter remains highly responsive to the drug combination marked by revamped proteasomal activity and alleviated hallmarks of NASH such as steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular death. We thus uncovered a pharmacologically amenable interdependent binodal molecular circuit underlying hepatic proteasomal dysfunction and associated oxidative injury.
    Keywords:  ASK1; Liver; NASH; PPARγ; Proteasome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.102043
  8. J Cell Sci. 2021 Jun 14. pii: jcs.258936. [Epub ahead of print]
    Spc1 regulates the signal peptidase-mediated processing of membrane proteins.
    Chewon Yim, Yeonji Chung, Jeesoo Kim, IngMarie Nilsson, Jong-Seo Kim, Hyun Kim.
      Signal peptidase (SPase) cleaves the signal sequences (SSs) of secretory precursors. It contains an evolutionarily conserved membrane protein subunit, Spc1 that is dispensable for the catalytic activity of SPase, and its role remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the function of yeast Spc1. First, we set up an in vivo SPase cleavage assay using secretory protein CPY variants with SSs modified in the n and h regions. When comparing the SS cleavage efficiencies of these variants in cells with or without Spc1, we found that signal-anchored sequences became more susceptible to cleavage by SPase without Spc1. Further, SPase-mediated processing of model membrane proteins was enhanced in the absence of but reduced upon overexpression of Spc1. Spc1 was co-immunoprecipitated with proteins carrying uncleaved signal-anchored or transmembrane (TM) segments. Taken together, these results suggest that Spc1 protects TM segments from SPase action, thereby sharpening substrate selection for SPase and acting as a negative regulator for the SPase-mediated processing of membrane proteins.
    Keywords:  SPCS1; Signal peptidase; Signal sequence; Spc1; Transmembrane
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.258936
  9. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 ;9 674103
    Pathological Crosstalk Between Oxidized LDL and ER Stress in Human Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.
    Divya Saro Varghese, Bassam R Ali.
      The oxidative modification of the major cholesterol carrying lipoprotein, oxLDL, is a biomarker as well as a pathological factor in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and other metabolic diseases. Perturbed cellular homeostasis due to physiological, pathological and pharmacological factors hinder the proper functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is the major hub for protein folding and processing, lipid biosynthesis and calcium storage, thereby leading to ER stress. The cellular response to ER stress is marked by a defensive mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR), wherein the cell adapts strategies that favor survival. Under conditions of excessive ER stress, when the survival mechanisms fail to restore balance, UPR switches to apoptosis and eliminates the defective cells. ER stress is a major hallmark in metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Though the pathological link between oxLDL and ER stress in cardiovascular diseases is well-documented, its involvement in other diseases is still largely unexplored. This review provides a deep insight into the common mechanisms in the pathogenicity of diseases involving oxLDL and ER stress as key players. In addition, the potential therapeutic intervention of the targets implicated in the pathogenic processes are also explored.
    Keywords:  ER stress sensors; HDL; UPR arm; human disease; oxidized LDL; therapy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.674103
  10. J Membr Biol. 2021 Jun 10.
    Maturation of the Na,K-ATPase in the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Health and Disease.
    Vitalii Kryvenko, Olga Vagin, Laura A Dada, Jacob I Sznajder, István Vadász.
      The Na,K-ATPase establishes the electrochemical gradient of cells by driving an active exchange of Na+ and K+ ions while consuming ATP. The minimal functional transporter consists of a catalytic α-subunit and a β-subunit with chaperon activity. The Na,K-ATPase also functions as a cell adhesion molecule and participates in various intracellular signaling pathways. The maturation and trafficking of the Na,K-ATPase include co- and post-translational processing of the enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus and subsequent delivery to the plasma membrane (PM). The ER folding of the enzyme is considered as the rate-limiting step in the membrane delivery of the protein. It has been demonstrated that only assembled Na,K-ATPase α:β-complexes may exit the organelle, whereas unassembled, misfolded or unfolded subunits are retained in the ER and are subsequently degraded. Loss of function of the Na,K-ATPase has been associated with lung, heart, kidney and neurological disorders. Recently, it has been shown that ER dysfunction, in particular, alterations in the homeostasis of the organelle, as well as impaired ER-resident chaperone activity may impede folding of Na,K-ATPase subunits, thus decreasing the abundance and function of the enzyme at the PM. Here, we summarize our current understanding on maturation and subsequent processing of the Na,K-ATPase in the ER under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
    Keywords:  Endoplasmic reticulum; Na,K-ATPase; Protein folding; Protein maturation; Unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-021-00184-z
  11. Cell. 2021 Jun 15. pii: S0092-8674(21)00649-8. [Epub ahead of print]
    Scap structures highlight key role for rotation of intertwined luminal loops in cholesterol sensing.
    Daniel L Kober, Arun Radhakrishnan, Joseph L Goldstein, Michael S Brown, Lindsay D Clark, Xiao-Chen Bai, Daniel M Rosenbaum.
      The cholesterol-sensing protein Scap induces cholesterol synthesis by transporting membrane-bound transcription factors called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus for proteolytic activation. Transport requires interaction between Scap's two ER luminal loops (L1 and L7), which flank an intramembrane sterol-sensing domain (SSD). Cholesterol inhibits Scap transport by binding to L1, which triggers Scap's binding to Insig, an ER retention protein. Here we used cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to elucidate two structures of full-length chicken Scap: (1) a wild-type free of Insigs and (2) mutant Scap bound to chicken Insig without cholesterol. Strikingly, L1 and L7 intertwine tightly to form a globular domain that acts as a luminal platform connecting the SSD to the rest of Scap. In the presence of Insig, this platform undergoes a large rotation accompanied by rearrangement of Scap's transmembrane helices. We postulate that this conformational change halts Scap transport of SREBPs and inhibits cholesterol synthesis.
    Keywords:  Golgi apparatus; Insig; SREBP; Scap; cholesterol; cryo-electron microscopy; endoplasmic reticulum; lipid metabolism; membrane homeostasis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.019
  12. Bio Protoc. 2021 May 05. 11(9): e4015
    Characterising Plant Deubiquitinases with in vitro Activity-based Labelling and Ubiquitin Chain Disassembly Assays.
    Michael J Skelly, Steven H Spoel.
      Post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin is an essential cellular signaling mechanism in all eukaryotes. Ubiquitin is removed from target proteins by a wide range of deubiquitinase (DUB) enzymes with different activities and substrate specificities. Understanding how DUBs function in vitro is a vital first step to uncovering their cellular roles. Here, we provide protocols for the rapid analysis of DUB activity in vitro by activity-based labelling with the suicide probe, HA-ubiquitin vinyl sulfone (HA-UbVS), and ubiquitin chain disassembly assays. We have previously used these methods to analyse the activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana DUB, UBP6, but in principle, these protocols are applicable to any DUB of interest.
    Keywords:  Cell signaling; Deubiquitinase; Proteasome; Proteostasis; Ubiquitin; Ubiquitin vinyl sulfone
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.4015
  13. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Jun;17(6): e1009616
    P300-mediated NEDD4 acetylation drives ebolavirus VP40 egress by enhancing NEDD4 ligase activity.
    Linliang Zhang, Shixiong Zhou, Majuan Chen, Jie Yan, Yi Yang, Linjuan Wu, Dongning Jin, Lei Yin, Mingzhou Chen, Yali Qin.
      The final stage of Ebola virus (EBOV) replication is budding from host cells, where the matrix protein VP40 is essential for driving this process. Many post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination are involved in VP40 egress, but acetylation has not been studied yet. Here, we characterize NEDD4 is acetylated at a conserved Lys667 mediated by the acetyltransferase P300 which drives VP40 egress process. Importantly, P300-mediated NEDD4 acetylation promotes NEDD4-VP40 interaction which enhances NEDD4 E3 ligase activity and is essential for the activation of VP40 ubiquitination and subsequent egress. Finally, we find that Zaire ebolavirus production is dramatically reduced in P300 knockout cell lines, suggesting that P300-mediated NEDD4 acetylation may have a physiological effect on Ebola virus life cycle. Thus, our study identifies an acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism that governs VP40 ubiquitination and provides insights into how acetylation controls EBOV VP40 egress.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009616
  14. Mol Biol Cell. 2021 Jun 16. mbcE21030097
    VPS13D interacts with VCP/p97 and negatively regulates ER- mitochondrial interactions.
    Yuanjiao Du, Jingru Wang, Juan Xiong, Na Fang, Wei-Ke Ji.
      Membrane contact sites (MCSs) between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are emerging as critical hubs for diverse cellular events, and alterations in the extent of these contacts are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms that control ER-mitochondrial interactions are so far elusive. Here, we demonstrate a key role of vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D (VPS13D) in the negative regulation of ER-mitochondrial MCSs. VPS13D suppression results in extensive ER-mitochondrial tethering, a phenotype that can be substantially rescued by suppression of the tethering proteins VAPB and PTPIP51. VPS13D interacts with valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) to control the level of ER-resident VAPB at contacts. VPS13D is required for the stability of p97. Functionally, VPS13D suppression leads to severe defects in the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial cellular distribution and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Together our results suggest that VPS13D negatively regulates the ER-mitochondrial MCSs partially through its interactions with VCP/p97. [Media: see text].
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E21-03-0097
  15. Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 18. 12(1): 3778
    Hakai is required for stabilization of core components of the m6A mRNA methylation machinery.
    Praveen Bawankar, Tina Lence, Chiara Paolantoni, Irmgard U Haussmann, Migle Kazlauskiene, Dominik Jacob, Jan B Heidelberger, Florian M Richter, Mohanakarthik P Nallasivan, Violeta Morin, Nastasja Kreim, Petra Beli, Mark Helm, Martin Jinek, Matthias Soller, Jean-Yves Roignant.
      N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification on mRNA which influences most steps of mRNA metabolism and is involved in several biological functions. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Hakai was previously found in complex with components of the m6A methylation machinery in plants and mammalian cells but its precise function remained to be investigated. Here we show that Hakai is a conserved component of the methyltransferase complex in Drosophila and human cells. In Drosophila, its depletion results in reduced m6A levels and altered m6A-dependent functions including sex determination. We show that its ubiquitination domain is required for dimerization and interaction with other members of the m6A machinery, while its catalytic activity is dispensable. Finally, we demonstrate that the loss of Hakai destabilizes several subunits of the methyltransferase complex, resulting in impaired m6A deposition. Our work adds functional and molecular insights into the mechanism of the m6A mRNA writer complex.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23892-5
  16. Dev Cell. 2021 Jun 08. pii: S1534-5807(21)00443-3. [Epub ahead of print]
    Oncogene-regulated release of extracellular vesicles.
    Seda Kilinc, Rebekka Paisner, Roman Camarda, Suprit Gupta, Olga Momcilovic, Rebecca A Kohnz, Baris Avsaroglu, Noelle D L'Etoile, Rushika M Perera, Daniel K Nomura, Andrei Goga.
      Oncogenes can alter metabolism by changing the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. However, how oncogenes regulate tumor cell biomass remains poorly understood. Using isogenic MCF10A cells transformed with nine different oncogenes, we show that specific oncogenes reduce the biomass of cancer cells by promoting extracellular vesicle (EV) release. While MYC and AURKB elicited the highest number of EVs, each oncogene selectively altered the protein composition of released EVs. Likewise, oncogenes alter secreted miRNAs. MYC-overexpressing cells require ceramide, whereas AURKB requires ESCRT to release high levels of EVs. We identify an inverse relationship between MYC upregulation and activation of the RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway for regulating EV release in some tumor cells. Finally, lysosome genes and activity are downregulated in the context of MYC and AURKB, suggesting that cellular contents, instead of being degraded, were released via EVs. Thus, oncogene-mediated biomass regulation via differential EV release is a new metabolic phenotype.
    Keywords:  AURKB; ESCRT; EVs; HRAS; MYC; ceramide; extracellular vesicles; lysosome; miRNAs; oncogenes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.014
  17. Cell Death Differ. 2021 Jun 15.
    MYH9-dependent polarization of ATG9B promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by accelerating focal adhesion assembly.
    Yan Zhong, Ting Long, Chuan-Sha Gu, Jing-Yi Tang, Ling-Fang Gao, Jia-Xian Zhu, Zhi-Yan Hu, Xia Wang, Yi-Dan Ma, Yan-Qing Ding, Zu-Guo Li, Xiao-Yan Wang.
      Tumour metastasis is a major reason accounting for the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and the discovery of targets in the primary tumours that can predict the risk of CRC metastasis is now urgently needed. In this study, we identified autophagy-related protein 9B (ATG9B) as a key potential target gene for CRC metastasis. High expression of ATG9B in tumour significantly increased the risk of metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. Mechanistically, we further find that ATG9B promoted CRC invasion mainly through autophagy-independent manner. MYH9 is the pivotal interacting protein for ATG9B functioning, which directly binds to cytoplasmic peptide segments aa368-411 of ATG9B by its head domain. Furthermore, the combination of ATG9B and MYH9 enhance the stability of each other by decreasing their binding to E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1, therefore preventing them from ubiquitin-mediated degradation, which further amplified the effect of ATG9B and MYH9 in CRC cells. During CRC cell invasion, ATG9B is transported to the cell edge with the assistance of MYH9 and accelerates focal adhesion (FA) assembly through mediating the interaction of endocytosed integrin β1 and Talin-1, which facilitated to integrin β1 activation. Clinically, upregulated expression of ATG9B in human CRC tissue is always accompanied with highly elevated expression of MYH9 and associated with advanced CRC stage and poor prognosis. Taken together, this study highlighted the important role of ATG9B in CRC metastasis by promoting focal adhesion assembly, and ATG9B together with MYH9 can provide a pair of potential therapeutic targets for preventing CRC progression.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00813-z
  18. Oncogene. 2021 Jun 18.
    E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD2 mediates melanoma progression and immune evasion.
    Eleonora Ottina, Veera Panova, Laura Doglio, Anastasiya Kazachenka, Georgina Cornish, Joanna Kirkpatrick, Jan Attig, George R Young, Kevin Litchfield, Tom Lesluyes, Peter Van Loo, Charles Swanton, James MacRae, Thomas Tüting, George Kassiotis.
      The ubiquitin-proteasome system maintains protein homoeostasis, underpins the cell cycle, and is dysregulated in cancer. However, the role of individual E3 ubiquitin ligases, which mediate the final step in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, remains incompletely understood. Identified through screening for cancer-specific endogenous retroviral transcripts, we show that the little-studied E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD2 exerts dominant control of tumour progression in melanoma. HECTD2 cell autonomously drives the proliferation of human and murine melanoma cells by accelerating the cell cycle. HECTD2 additionally regulates cancer cell production of immune mediators, initiating multiple immune suppressive pathways, which include the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) pathway. Accordingly, higher HECTD2 expression is associated with weaker anti-tumour immunity and unfavourable outcome of PD-1 blockade in human melanoma and counteracts immunity against a model tumour antigen in murine melanoma. This central, multifaceted role of HECTD2 in cancer cell-autonomous proliferation and in immune evasion may provide a single target for a multipronged therapy of melanoma.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-021-01885-4
  19. J Proteome Res. 2021 Jun 14.
    Crosstalk of the IκB Kinase with Spliced X-Box Binding Protein 1 Couples Inflammation with Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.
    Yingxin Zhao, Jing Zhang, Hong Sun, Allan R Brasier.
      Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in airway injury, repair, and structural remodeling. IκB kinase (IKK)-NFκB signaling regulates late EMT-associated gene expression. However, IKK-mediated mesenchymal transition occurs earlier than NFκB/RelA subunit-dependent EMT gene expression, leading us to investigate the hypothesis that IKK plays an independent mechanism in transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced EMT. Time-resolved dissection of early proteome and phosphoproteome changes in response to TGFβ and a specific IKK inhibitor, BMS-345541, revealed that IKK regulates cascades of 23 signaling pathways essential in EMT, including TGFβ signaling, p38 mitogen associate protein kinase (MAPK), Toll receptor signaling, and integrin pathways. We identified early IKK-dependent phosphorylation of core regulatory proteins in essential EMT signaling cassettes, including ATF2, JUN, NFKB1/p105, and others. Interestingly, we found that IKKβ directly complexes with and phosphorylates the spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s). XBP1s is an arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that activates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), a pathway that mediates protein N-glycosylation and survival from ER stress-induced apoptosis in EMT. We found that inhibition of IKK activity abolishes the phosphorylation of XBP1-T48, blocks XBP1s nuclear translocation, and inhibits the activation of HBP. Our study elucidates a previously unrecognized IKKβ-XBP1s-HBP crosstalk pathway that couples inflammation and glucose metabolic reprogramming in ETM. Because XBP1-HBP controls N-glycosylation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in EMT, this novel IKKβ-XBP1-HBP pathway may contain therapeutic targets whose inhibition could prevent ECM remodeling in lung fibrosis or other airway remodeling diseases.
    Keywords:  IκB kinase-NFκB; N-glycosylation; epithelial−mesenchymal transition; extracellular matrix; hexosamine biosynthetic pathway; proteomics; unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00093
  20. Cell Calcium. 2021 Jun 01. pii: S0143-4160(21)00084-1. [Epub ahead of print]97 102430
    The sigma 1 receptor: A local media influencer.
    Claudia M Rohr, Jonathan S Marchant.
      The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store contains many rapidly differentiable subdomains with specialized signaling properties. Recent work highlights how an integral ER membrane protein - the sigma 1 receptor (S1R) - nucleates local formation of cholesterol-rich ER subdomains. Biophysical approaches cast new light on S1Rs and how their dynamics is impacted by drugs and disease states.
    Keywords:  Ca(2+) signaling; Endoplasmic reticulum; Heterogeneity; Neurodegenerative disease
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102430
  21. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 15. 11(1): 12574
    Neutrophils drive endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells through arginase-1 release.
    Rósula García-Navas, Consuelo Gajate, Faustino Mollinedo.
      Human neutrophils constitutively express high amounts of arginase-1, which depletes arginine from the surrounding medium and downregulates T-cell activation. Here, we have found that neutrophil arginase-1, released from activated human neutrophils or dead cells, induced apoptosis in cancer cells through an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Silencing of PERK in cancer cells prevented the induction of ER stress and apoptosis. Arginase inhibitor Nω-hydroxy-nor-arginine inhibited apoptosis and ER stress response induced by conditioned medium from activated neutrophils. A number of tumor cell lines, derived from different tissues, were sensitive to neutrophil arginase-1, with pancreatic, breast, ovarian and lung cancer cells showing the highest sensitivity. Neutrophil-released arginase-1 and arginine deprivation potentiated the antitumor action against pancreatic cancer cells of the ER-targeted antitumor alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine. Our study demonstrates the involvement of neutrophil arginase-1 in cancer cell killing and highlights the importance and complex role of neutrophils in tumor surveillance and biology.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91947-0
  22. Contact (Thousand Oaks). 2021 Jan-Dec;4:4 25152564211016608
    Remodelling of Nucleus-Vacuole Junctions During Metabolic and Proteostatic Stress.
    Verena Kohler, Sabrina Büttner.
      Cellular adaptation to stress and metabolic cues requires a coordinated response of different intracellular compartments, separated by semipermeable membranes. One way to facilitate interorganellar communication is via membrane contact sites, physical bridges between opposing organellar membranes formed by an array of tethering machineries. These contact sites are highly dynamic and establish an interconnected organellar network able to quickly respond to external and internal stress by changing size, abundance and molecular architecture. Here, we discuss recent work on nucleus-vacuole junctions, connecting yeast vacuoles with the nucleus. Appearing as small, single foci in mitotic cells, these contacts expand into one enlarged patch upon nutrient exhaustion and entry into quiescence or can be shaped into multiple large foci essential to sustain viability upon proteostatic stress at the nuclear envelope. We highlight the remarkable plasticity and rapid remodelling of these contact sites upon metabolic or proteostatic stress and their emerging importance for cellular fitness.
    Keywords:  NVJ; Snd3; glucose; metabolism; quiescence; stress response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/25152564211016608
  23. JCI Insight. 2021 Jun 17. pii: 138835. [Epub ahead of print]
    Colorectal cancer cells utilize autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolism for cell proliferation under nutrient stress.
    Samantha N Devenport, Rashi Singhal, Megan D Radyk, Joseph G Taranto, Samuel A Kerk, Brandon Chen, Joshua W Goyert, Chesta Jain, Nupur K Das, Katherine Oravecz-Wilson, Li Zhang, Joel K Greenson, Y Eugene Chen, Scott A Soleimanpour, Pavan Reddy, Costas A Lyssiotis, Yatrik M Shah.
      Cancer cells re-program cellular metabolism to maintain adequate nutrient pools to sustain proliferation. Moreover, autophagy is a regulated mechanism to breakdown dysfunctional cellular components and recycle cellular nutrients. However, the requirement for autophagy and the integration in cancer cell metabolism is not clear in colon cancer. Here we show a cell-autonomous dependency of autophagy for cell growth in colorectal cancer. Loss of epithelial autophagy inhibits tumor growth in both sporadic and colitis associated cancer models. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy inhibits cell growth in colon cancer-derived cell lines and patient-derived enteroid models. Importantly, normal colon epithelium and patient-derived normal enteroid growth was not decreased following autophagy inhibition. To couple the role of autophagy to cellular metabolism, a cell culture screen in conjunction with metabolomic analysis was performed. We identified a critical role of autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolites for growth. Loss of mitochondrial recycling through inhibition of mitophagy hinders colon cancer cell growth. These findings have revealed a cell-autonomous role of autophagy that plays a critical role in regulating nutrient pools in vivo and in cell models and provides therapeutic targets for colon cancer.
    Keywords:  Colorectal cancer; Gastroenterology; Oncology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.138835
  24. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021 ;14 674914
    Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain.
    Jiurong Cheng, Yingdong Deng, Jun Zhou.
      As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.
    Keywords:  SUMOylation; chronic pain; deubiquitinases; ubiquitin ligase; ubiquitination
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.674914
  25. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Jun 15. 10(12): e020216
    Activation of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) Signaling Pathway in Neurons Improves Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Mice.
    Yuntian Shen, Ran Li, Shu Yu, Qiang Zhao, Zhuoran Wang, Huaxin Sheng, Wei Yang.
      Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury impairs proteostasis, and triggers adaptive cellular responses, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which functions to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the UPR is activated in various organs including the brain. However, the role of the UPR in CA has remained largely unknown. Here we aimed to investigate effects of activation of the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) UPR branch in CA. Methods and Results Conditional and inducible sATF6-KI (short-form ATF6 knock-in) mice and a selective ATF6 pathway activator 147 were used. CA was induced in mice by KCl injection, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We first found that neurologic function was significantly improved, and neuronal damage was mitigated after the ATF6 pathway was activated in neurons of sATF6-KI mice subjected to CA/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Further RNA sequencing analysis indicated that such beneficial effects were likely attributable to increased expression of pro-proteostatic genes regulated by ATF6. Especially, key components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process, which clears potentially toxic unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, were upregulated in the sATF6-KI brain. Accordingly, the CA-induced increase in K48-linked polyubiquitin in the brain was higher in sATF6-KI mice relative to control mice. Finally, CA outcome, including the survival rate, was significantly improved in mice treated with compound 147. Conclusions This is the first experimental study to determine the role of the ATF6 UPR branch in CA outcome. Our data indicate that the ATF6 UPR branch is a prosurvival pathway and may be considered as a therapeutic target for CA.
    Keywords:  ER stress; ER‐associated degradation; RNA‐Seq; brain ischemia; neuroprotection; transgenic mice
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.020216
  26. J Neurochem. 2021 Jun 15.
    ALS-linked mutations impair UBQLN2 stress-induced biomolecular condensate assembly in cells.
    Julia F Riley, Peter J Fioramonti, Amber K Rusnock, Heidi Hehnly, Carlos A Castañeda.
      Mutations in Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), a ubiquitin-binding shuttle protein involved in several protein quality control processes, can lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We previously found that wild-type UBQLN2 forms dynamic, membraneless biomolecular condensates upon cellular stress, and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro. However, the impact of ALS-linked mutations on UBQLN2 condensate formation in cells is unknown. Here, we employ live-cell imaging and photokinetic analysis to investigate how five patient-derived ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 impact stress-induced UBQLN2 condensate assembly and condensate material properties. Both wild-type and mutant UBQLN2 condensates are generally cytoplasmic and liquid-like. However, cells transfected with mutant UBQLN2 contain fewer stress-induced UBQLN2 condensates than those with wild-type UBQLN2. Most strikingly, exogenously expressed P506T UBQLN2 forms the lowest number of stress-induced condensates of all UBQLN2 mutants, and these condensates are significantly smaller than those of wild-type UBQLN2. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis of UBQLN2 condensates revealed higher immobile fractions for UBQLN2 mutants, especially P506T. P497S and P497H mutations differentially impact condensate properties, demonstrating that the effects of ALS-linked mutations are both position- and amino acid-dependent. Collectively, our data show that disease mutations hinder assembly and alter viscoelastic properties of stress-induced UBQLN2 condensates, potentially leading to aggregates commonly observed in ALS.
    Keywords:  UBQLN2; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); arsenite stress; biomolecular condensates; neurodegenerative disorders
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15453
  27. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jun 22. pii: e2104944118. [Epub ahead of print]118(25):
    Proteomic analysis identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling.
    Sara E Konopelski Snavely, Michael W Susman, Ryan C Kunz, Jia Tan, Srisathya Srinivasan, Michael D Cohen, Kyoko Okada, Helen Lamb, Shannon S Choi, Edith P Karuna, Michael K Scales, Steven P Gygi, Michael Eldon Greenberg, Hsin-Yi Henry Ho.
      Wnt5a-Ror signaling is a conserved pathway that regulates morphogenetic processes during vertebrate development [R. T. Moon et al, Development 119, 97-111 (1993); I. Oishi et al, Genes Cells 8, 645-654 (2003)], but its downstream signaling events remain poorly understood. Through a large-scale proteomic screen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Upon pathway activation, Pdzrn3 is degraded in a β-catenin-independent, ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent manner. We developed a flow cytometry-based reporter to monitor Pdzrn3 abundance and delineated a signaling cascade involving Frizzled, Dishevelled, Casein kinase 1, and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 that regulates Pdzrn3 stability. Epistatically, Pdzrn3 is regulated independently of Kif26b, another Wnt5a-Ror effector. Wnt5a-dependent degradation of Pdzrn3 requires phosphorylation of three conserved amino acids within its C-terminal LNX3H domain [M. Flynn, O. Saha, P. Young, BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 235 (2011)], which acts as a bona fide Wnt5a-responsive element. Importantly, this phospho-dependent degradation is essential for Wnt5a-Ror modulation of cell migration. Collectively, this work establishes a Wnt5a-Ror cell morphogenetic cascade involving Pdzrn3 phosphorylation and degradation.
    Keywords:  Pdzrn3; Ror1; Ror2; Wnt5a
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104944118
  28. Biochem J. 2021 Jun 25. 478(12): 2297-2308
    Inhibition of selective autophagy by members of the herpesvirus ubiquitin-deconjugase family.
    Päivi Ylä-Anttila, Maria G Masucci.
      Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune response that restricts infection by different types of pathogens. Viruses have developed multiple strategies to avoid autophagy to complete their replication cycle and promote spreading to new hosts. Here, we report that the ubiquitin deconjugases encoded in the N-terminal domain of the large tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but not herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), regulate selective autophagy by inhibiting the activity of the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62. We found that all the homologs bind to and deubiquitinate SQSTM1/p62 but with variable efficiency, which correlates with their capacity to prevent the colocalization of light chain 3 (LC3) with SQSTM1/p62 aggregates and promote the accumulation of a model autophagy substrate. The findings highlight important differences in the strategies by which herpesviruses interfere with selective autophagy.
    Keywords:  autophagy; herpesvirus; ubiquitin protease; ubiquitin-proteasome system
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210225
  29. Autophagy. 2021 Jun 16.
    M05B5.4 (Lysosomal phospholipase A2) promotes disintegration of autophagic vesicles to maintain C. elegans development.
    Yuan Li, Xin Wang, Meijiao Li, Chonglin Yang, Xiaochen Wang.
      The autophagosome has two lipid bilayer membranes. The outer membrane fuses with the lysosome, while the inner membrane is degraded to release autophagic contents for degradation. It remains unclear how the inner vesicle of the autophagosome (called the autophagic vesicle) is disintegrated after autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Here, we identified C. elegans LPLA-2/M05B5.4 as a key enzyme that degrades membranous material in lysosomes. LPLA-2 is homologous to human PLA2G15, a lysosomal phospholipase A2 family protein that catalyzes cleavage of membrane phospholipids. We found that loss of LPLA-2 causes accumulation of large membrane whorls in enlarged lysosomes and both phenotypes are suppressed by blocking macroautophagy/autophagy. Moreover, autophagic vesicles persisted in enlarged lysosomes in PLA2G15 knockdown cells and lpla-2(lf) mutants, which suggests that the breakdown of the inner autophagosomal membrane in lysosomes is impaired. lpla-2(lf) mutants exhibit severe defects in both embryonic and larval development. Our data suggest that disintegration of the inner autophagosomal membrane by LPLA-2 promotes the release and subsequent degradation of autophagic contents in lysosomes, which is essential for C. elegans development.
    Keywords:  Autophagic vesicle, C. elegans; development; inner autophagosomal membrane; lysosomal phospholipase A2; lysosome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1943178
  30. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021 Jun 15.
    Advancing targeted protein degradation for cancer therapy.
    Brandon Dale, Meng Cheng, Kwang-Su Park, H Ümit Kaniskan, Yue Xiong, Jian Jin.
      The human proteome contains approximately 20,000 proteins, and it is estimated that more than 600 of them are functionally important for various types of cancers, including nearly 400 non-enzyme proteins that are challenging to target by traditional occupancy-driven pharmacology. Recent advances in the development of small-molecule degraders, including molecular glues and heterobifunctional degraders such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have made it possible to target many proteins that were previously considered undruggable. In particular, PROTACs form a ternary complex with a hijacked E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein, leading to polyubiquitination and degradation of the target protein. The broad applicability of this approach is facilitated by the flexibility of individual E3 ligases to recognize different substrates. The vast majority of the approximately 600 human E3 ligases have not been explored, thus presenting enormous opportunities to develop degraders that target oncoproteins with tissue, tumour and subcellular selectivity. In this Review, we first discuss the molecular basis of targeted protein degradation. We then offer a comprehensive account of the most promising degraders in development as cancer therapies to date. Lastly, we provide an overview of opportunities and challenges in this exciting field.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00365-x
  31. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021 Jun 12. pii: S1044-579X(21)00182-6. [Epub ahead of print]
    The HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases and PTEN.
    Min Sup Song, Pier Paolo Pandolfi.
      Members of the HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged as prominent regulators of PTEN function, subcellular localization and levels. In turn this unfolding regulatory network is allowing for the identification of genes directly involved in both tumorigenesis at large and cancer susceptibility syndromes. While the complexity of this regulatory network is still being unraveled, these new findings are paving the way for novel therapeutic modalities for cancer prevention and therapy as well as for other diseases. Here we will review the signal transduction and therapeutic implications of the cross-talk between HECT family members and PTEN.
    Keywords:  HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligase; I3C; NEDD4; PTEN; WWP1
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.012
  32. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 17. 11(1): 12759
    Unfolded protein response triggers differential apoptotic mechanisms in ovaries and early embryos exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes.
    Aslı Okan, Necdet Demir, Berna Sozen.
      Diabetes mellitus (DM) has profound effects on the female mammalian reproductive system, and early embryonic development, reducing female reproductive outcomes and inducing developmental programming in utero. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Accumulating evidence implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress with maternal DM associated pathophysiology. Yet the direct pathologies and causal events leading to ovarian dysfunction and altered early embryonic development have not been determined. Here, using an in vivo mouse model of Type 1 DM and in vitro hyperglycaemia-exposure, we demonstrate the activation of ER-stress within adult ovarian tissue and pre-implantation embryos. In diabetic ovaries, we show that the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggers an apoptotic cascade by the co-activation of Caspase 12 and Cleaved Caspase 3 transducers. Whereas DM-exposed early embryos display differential ER-associated responses; by activating Chop in within embryonic precursors and Caspase 12 within placental precursors. Our results offer new insights for understanding the pathological effects of DM on mammalian ovarian function and early embryo development, providing new evidence of its mechanistic link with ER-stress in mice.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92093-3
  33. J Biol Chem. 2021 Jun 11. pii: S0021-9258(21)00673-6. [Epub ahead of print] 100873
    Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal autophagosome formation in astrocytes.
    Ping-Yue Pan, Justin Zhu, Asma Rizvi, Xinyu Zhu, Hikari Tanaka, Cheryl F Dreyfus.
      Macroautophagy dysregulation is implicated in multiple neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. While autophagy pathways are heavily researched in heterologous cells and neurons, regulation of autophagy in the astrocyte, the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, is less well understood. Missense mutations in the Synj1 gene encoding Synaptojanin1 (Synj1), a neuron-enriched lipid phosphatase, have been linked to Parkinsonism with seizures. Our previous study showed that the Synj1 haploinsufficient (Synj1+/-) mouse exhibits age-dependent autophagy impairment in multiple brain regions. Here, we used cultured astrocytes from Synj1-deficient mice to investigate its role in astrocyte autophagy. We report Synj1 is expressed in low levels in astrocytes and represses basal autophagosome formation. We demonstrate using cellular imaging that Synj1-deficient astrocytes exhibit hyperactive autophagosome formation, represented by an increase in the size and the number of GFP-LC3 structures. Interestingly, Synj1 deficiency is also associated with an impairment in stress-induced autophagy clearance. We show, for the first time, that the Parkinsonism-associated R839C mutation impacts autophagy in astrocytes. The impact of this mutation on Synj1's phosphatase function resulted in elevated basal autophagosome formation that mimics Synj1 deletion. We found that the membrane expression of the astrocyte-specific glucose transporter GluT-1 was reduced in Synj1-deficient astrocytes. Consistently, AMPK activity was elevated, suggesting altered glucose sensing in Synj1-deficient astrocytes. Expressing exogenous GluT-1 in Synj1-deficient astrocytes reversed the autophagy impairment, supporting a role for Synj1 in regulating astrocyte autophagy via disrupting glucose-sensing pathways. Thus, our work suggests a novel mechanism for Synj1-related Parkinsonism involving astrocyte dysfunction.
    Keywords:  Autophagy; GluT-1; Parkinson disease; astrocyte; cell culture
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100873
  34. Life Sci Alliance. 2021 Aug;pii: e202101079. [Epub ahead of print]4(8):
    Edem1 activity in the fat body regulates insulin signalling and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila.
    Himani Pathak, Jishy Varghese.
      In Drosophila, nutrient status is sensed by the fat body, a functional homolog of mammalian liver and white adipocytes. The fat body conveys nutrient information to insulin-producing cells through humoral factors which regulate Drosophila insulin-like peptide levels and insulin signalling. Insulin signalling has pleiotropic functions, which include the management of growth and metabolic pathways. Here, we report that Edem1 (endoplasmic reticulum degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein 1), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein involved in protein quality control, acts in the fat body to regulate insulin signalling and thereby the metabolic status in Drosophila Edem1 limits the fat body-derived Drosophila tumor necrosis factor-α Eiger activity on insulin-producing cells and maintains systemic insulin signalling in fed conditions. During food deprivation, edem1 gene expression levels drop, which aids in the reduction of systemic insulin signalling crucial for survival. Overall, we demonstrate that Edem1 plays a vital role in helping the organism to endure a fluctuating nutrient environment by managing insulin signalling and metabolic homeostasis.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101079
  35. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 ;9 680901
    Regulation of Rho GTPases in the Vasculature by Cullin3-Based E3 Ligase Complexes.
    Fabienne Podieh, Peter L Hordijk.
      Cullin3-based ubiquitin E3 ligases induce ubiquitination of substrates leading to their proteasomal or lysosomal degradation. BTB proteins serve as adaptors by binding to Cullin3 and recruiting substrate proteins, which enables specific recognition of a broad spectrum of targets. Hence, Cullin3 and its adaptors are involved in myriad cellular processes and organ functions. Cullin3-based ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes target small GTPases of the Rho subfamily, which are key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. In this mini review, we discuss recent insights in Cullin3-mediated regulation of Rho GTPases and their impact on cellular function and disease. Intriguingly, upstream regulators of Rho GTPases are targeted by Cullin3 complexes as well. Thus, Rho GTPase signaling is regulated by Cullin3 on multiple levels. In addition, we address current knowledge of Cullin3 in regulating vascular function, focusing on its prominent role in endothelial barrier function, angiogenesis and the regulation of blood pressure.
    Keywords:  Cullin3; Rho GTPases; endothelial cells; signaling; ubiquitin; vasculature
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.680901
  36. Dev Cell. 2021 Jun 09. pii: S1534-5807(21)00444-5. [Epub ahead of print]
    Inherited nuclear pore substructures template post-mitotic pore assembly.
    Yi-Ying Chou, Srigokul Upadhyayula, Justin Houser, Kangmin He, Wesley Skillern, Gustavo Scanavachi, Song Dang, Anwesha Sanyal, Kazuka G Ohashi, Giuseppe Di Caprio, Alex J B Kreutzberger, Tegy John Vadakkan, Tom Kirchhausen.
      Nuclear envelope assembly during late mitosis includes rapid formation of several thousand complete nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). This efficient use of NPC components (nucleoporins or "NUPs") is essential for ensuring immediate nucleocytoplasmic communication in each daughter cell. We show that octameric subassemblies of outer and inner nuclear pore rings remain intact in the mitotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after NPC disassembly during prophase. These "inherited" subassemblies then incorporate into NPCs during post-mitotic pore formation. We further show that the stable subassemblies persist through multiple rounds of cell division and the accompanying rounds of NPC mitotic disassembly and post-mitotic assembly. De novo formation of NPCs from newly synthesized NUPs during interphase will then have a distinct initiation mechanism. We postulate that a yet-to-be-identified modification marks and "immortalizes" one or more components of the specific octameric outer and inner ring subcomplexes that then template post-mitotic NPC assembly during subsequent cell cycles.
    Keywords:  FIB-SEM; cell division; endoplasmic reticulum; inheritance; lattice light-sheet microscopy; live cell imaging; mitosis; nuclear envelope; nuclear pore complex; spinning disk confocal microscopy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.015
  37. EMBO J. 2021 Jun 16. e108812
    Sphingosine-1-phosphate: The missing link between NOD1/2 and ER stress.
    Yan Lu, Dante Neculai.
      The cytosolic NOD1 and NOD2 pattern recognition receptors are typically known as sensors of bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. A new study in this issue links NOD1/2 activation with ER homeostasis through the bioactive metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021108812
  38. Am J Hum Genet. 2021 Jun 10. pii: S0002-9297(21)00194-4. [Epub ahead of print]
    Bi-allelic variants in the ER quality control mannosidase gene EDEM3 cause a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
    Daniel L Polla, Andrew C Edmondson, Sandrine Duvet, Michael E March, Ana Berta Sousa, Anna Lehman, , Dmitriy Niyazov, Fleur van Dijk, Serwet Demirdas, Marjon A van Slegtenhorst, Anneke J A Kievit, Celine Schulz, Linlea Armstrong, Xin Bi, Daniel J Rader, Kosuke Izumi, Elaine H Zackai, Elisa de Franco, Paula Jorge, Sophie C Huffels, Marina Hommersom, Sian Ellard, Dirk J Lefeber, Avni Santani, Nicholas J Hand, Hans van Bokhoven, Miao He, Arjan P M de Brouwer.
      EDEM3 encodes a protein that converts Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B to Man7-5GlcNAc2. It is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway, responsible for the recognition of misfolded proteins that will be targeted and translocated to the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome. In this study, through a combination of exome sequencing and gene matching, we have identified seven independent families with 11 individuals with bi-allelic protein-truncating variants and one individual with a compound heterozygous missense variant in EDEM3. The affected individuals present with an inherited congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) consisting of neurodevelopmental delay and variable facial dysmorphisms. Experiments in human fibroblast cell lines, human plasma, and mouse plasma and brain tissue demonstrated decreased trimming of Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B to Man7GlcNAc2, consistent with loss of EDEM3 enzymatic activity. In human cells, Man5GlcNAc2 to Man4GlcNAc2 conversion is also diminished with an increase of Glc1Man5GlcNAc2. Furthermore, analysis of the unfolded protein response showed a reduced increase in EIF2AK3 (PERK) expression upon stimulation with tunicamycin as compared to controls, suggesting an impaired unfolded protein response. The aberrant plasma N-glycan profile provides a quick, clinically available test for validating variants of uncertain significance that may be identified by molecular genetic testing. We propose to call this deficiency EDEM3-CDG.
    Keywords:  CDG, EDEM3, N-glycan, Mannosidase, mouse, UPR, high-mannose, dysmorphism
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.010
  39. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jun 22. pii: e2025299118. [Epub ahead of print]118(25):
    Spatiotemporally resolved subcellular phosphoproteomics.
    Yanjun Liu, Ruxin Zeng, Ruixuan Wang, Yicheng Weng, Ruixiang Wang, Peng Zou, Peng R Chen.
      Proteome-wide profiling of protein phosphorylation has been widely used to reveal the underlying mechanism of diverse cellular signaling events. Yet, characterizing subcellular phosphoproteome with high spatial-temporal resolution has remained challenging. Herein, we developed a subcellular-specific uncaging-assisted biotinylation and mapping of phosphoproteome (SubMAPP) strategy to monitor the phosphorylation dynamics of subcellular proteome in living cells and animals. Our method capitalizes on the genetically encoded bioorthogonal decaging strategy, which enables the rapid activation of subcellular localized proximity labeling biotin ligase through either light illumination or small-molecule triggers. By further adopting an integrated orthogonal pull-down strategy with quantitative mass spectrometry, SubMAPP allowed for the investigation of subcellular phosphoproteome dynamics, revealing the altered phosphorylation patterns of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins under ER stress. Finally, we further expanded the scope of the SubMAPP strategy to primary neuron culture and living mice.
    Keywords:  bioorthogonal decaging; proximal labeling; subcellular phosphoproteome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025299118
  40. Front Oncol. 2021 ;11 667495
    The Deubiquitinase USP39 Promotes ESCC Tumorigenesis Through Pre-mRNA Splicing of the mTORC2 Component Rictor.
    Yuan Zhao, Huiwu Geng, Gang Liu, Qiang Ji, Xiaomin Cheng, Xinying Li, Wei Liu, Rick F Thorne, Renquan Zhang, Xiaoying Liu.
      Spliceosomes are large RNA-protein molecular complexes which mediate splicing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells. Their function is frequently altered in cancer, providing opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches. The ubiquitin specific protease 39 (USP39) is a highly conserved deubiquitylation family member that plays an essential role in pre-mRNA splicing where it serves to assemble the mature spliceosome complex. Previous studies have reported that USP39 acts in an oncogenic manner where it contributes to cancer progression and predicts poor prognosis in various human tumor types. Here we report that USP39 is differentially upregulated in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its expression is significantly associated with clinicopathological characteristics including differentiation status and TNM stage. We found the USP39 upregulation was maintained in ESCC cell lines where it functioned to promote cancer cell growth in vitro and in xenografts. RNA-seq analyses identified that mTOR pathway activation was affected by shRNA-mediated silencing of USP39. Subsequent biochemical analyses demonstrated that USP39 regulates the activity of mTORC2 by selectively enhancing the splicing and maturation of Rictor mRNA, although not other key mTORC components. Together, our report proposes USP39 as a biomarker and oncogenic factor in ESCC, with a potential for targeting the USP39/mTOR2/Rictor axis as a therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, our study adds ESCC to the list of cancers where USP39 contributes to tumorigenesis and progression.
    Keywords:  RNA splicing; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); rictor; ubiquitin specific protease 39 (USP39)
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.667495
  41. Sci Adv. 2021 Jun;pii: eabf4885. [Epub ahead of print]7(25):
    p53 loss activates prometastatic secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi.
    Xiaochao Tan, Priyam Banerjee, Lei Shi, Guan-Yu Xiao, B Leticia Rodriguez, Caitlin L Grzeskowiak, Xin Liu, Jiang Yu, Don L Gibbons, William K Russell, Chad J Creighton, Jonathan M Kurie.
      Cancer cells exhibit hyperactive secretory states that maintain cancer cell viability and remodel the tumor microenvironment. However, the oncogenic signals that heighten secretion remain unclear. Here, we show that p53 loss activates prometastatic secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi. p53 loss up-regulates the expression of a Golgi scaffolding protein, progestin and adipoQ receptor 11 (PAQR11), which recruits an adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 1-containing protein complex that loads cargos into secretory vesicles. PAQR11-dependent secretion of a protease, PLAU, prevents anoikis and initiates autocrine activation of a PLAU receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3-dependent pathway that up-regulates PAQR11 expression, thereby completing a feedforward loop that amplifies prometastatic effector protein secretion. Pharmacologic inhibition of PLAU receptor impairs the growth and metastasis of p53-deficient cancers. Blockade of PAQR11-dependent secretion inhibits immunosuppressive processes in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, Golgi reprogramming by p53 loss is a key driver of hypersecretion in cancer.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf4885
  42. J Exp Med. 2021 Aug 02. pii: e20210151. [Epub ahead of print]218(8):
    E3 ligase MKRN3 is a tumor suppressor regulating PABPC1 ubiquitination in non-small cell lung cancer.
    Ke Li, Xufen Zheng, Hua Tang, Yuan-Sheng Zang, Chunling Zeng, Xiaoxiao Liu, Yanying Shen, Yuzhi Pang, Simin Wang, Feifei Xie, Xiaojing Lu, Yuxiang Luo, Zhang Li, Wenbo Bi, Xiaona Jia, Tao Huang, Rongqiang Wei, Kenan Huang, Zihao Chen, Qingchen Zhu, Yi He, Miaoying Zhang, Zhizhan Gu, Yichuan Xiao, Xiaoyang Zhang, Jonathan A Fletcher, Yuexiang Wang.
      Central precocious puberty (CPP), largely caused by germline mutations in the MKRN3 gene, has been epidemiologically linked to cancers. MKRN3 is frequently mutated in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with five cohorts. Genomic MKRN3 aberrations are significantly enriched in NSCLC samples harboring oncogenic KRAS mutations. Low MKRN3 expression levels correlate with poor patient survival. Reconstitution of MKRN3 in MKRN3-inactivated NSCLC cells directly abrogates in vitro and in vivo tumor growth and proliferation. MKRN3 knockout mice are susceptible to urethane-induced lung cancer, and lung cell-specific knockout of endogenous MKRN3 accelerates NSCLC tumorigenesis in vivo. A mass spectrometry-based proteomics screen identified PABPC1 as a major substrate for MKRN3. The tumor suppressor function of MKRN3 is dependent on its E3 ligase activity, and MKRN3 missense mutations identified in patients substantially compromise MKRN3-mediated PABPC1 ubiquitination. Furthermore, MKRN3 modulates cell proliferation through PABPC1 nonproteolytic ubiquitination and subsequently, PABPC1-mediated global protein synthesis. Our integrated approaches demonstrate that the CPP-associated gene MKRN3 is a tumor suppressor.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210151
  43. Elife. 2021 Jun 17. pii: e68380. [Epub ahead of print]10
    A signal capture and proofreading mechanism for the KDEL-receptor explains selectivity and dynamic range in ER retrieval.
    Andreas Gerondopoulos, Philipp Bräuer, Tomoaki Sobajima, Zhiyi Wu, Joanne L Parker, Philip Biggin, Francis A Barr, Simon Newstead.
      ER proteins of widely differing abundance are retrieved from the Golgi by the KDEL-receptor. Abundant ER proteins tend to have KDEL rather than HDEL signals, whereas ADEL and DDEL are not used in most organisms. Here, we explore the mechanism of selective retrieval signal capture by the KDEL-receptor and how HDEL binds with ten-fold higher affinity than KDEL. Our results show the carboxyl-terminus of the retrieval signal moves along a ladder of arginine residues as it enters the binding pocket of the receptor. Gatekeeper residues D50 and E117 at the entrance of this pocket exclude ADEL and DDEL sequences. D50N/E117Q mutation of human KDEL-receptors changes the selectivity to ADEL and DDEL. However, further analysis of HDEL, KDEL and RDEL-bound receptor structures shows that affinity differences are explained by interactions between the variable -4 H/K/R position of the signal and W120, rather than D50 or E117. Together, these findings explain KDEL-receptor selectivity, and how signal variants increase dynamic range to support efficient ER retrieval of low and high abundance proteins.
    Keywords:  cell biology; chicken; human
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.68380
  44. FEBS J. 2021 Jun 17.
    Mechanism, Specificity And Function Of FANCD2-FANCI Ubiquitination And Deubiquitination.
    Kimon Lemonidis, Connor Arkinson, Martin L Rennie, Helen Walden.
      Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in any of the currently 22 known FA genes. The products of these genes, along with other FA associated proteins, participate in a biochemical pathway, known as the FA pathway. This pathway is responsible for the repair of DNA inter-stand crosslinks (ICL) and the maintenance of genomic stability in response to replication stress. At the centre of the pathway is the mono-ubiquitination of two FA proteins, FANCD2 and FANCI, on two specific lysine residues. This is achieved by the combined action of the UBE2T ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and a large multicomponent E3 ligase, known as the FA-core complex. This E2-E3 pair specifically targets the FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer (ID2 complex) for ubiquitination on DNA. Deubiquitination of both FANCD2 and FANCI, which is also critical for ICL repair, is achieved by the USP1-UAF1 complex. Recent work suggests that FANCD2 ubiquitination transforms the ID2 complex into a sliding DNA clamp. Further ID2 ubiquitination on FANCI does not alter the closed ID2 conformation observed upon FANCD2 ubiquitination, and the associated with this, high DNA affinity. However, the resulting di-mono-ubiquitinated complex is highly resistant to USP1-UAF1 deubiquitination. This review will provide an update on recent work focusing on how specificity in FANCD2 ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination is achieved. Recent findings shedding light to the mechanisms, molecular functions and biological roles of FANCI/FANCD2 ubiquitination and deubiquitination will be also discussed.
    Keywords:  DNA repair; FA-core complex; FANCD2; FANCI; Fanconi anemia; UBE2T; USP1-UAF1; deubiquitination; ubiquitination
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16077
  45. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Jun;17(6): e1009644
    Manipulation of the unfolded protein response: A pharmacological strategy against coronavirus infection.
    Liliana Echavarría-Consuegra, Georgia M Cook, Idoia Busnadiego, Charlotte Lefèvre, Sarah Keep, Katherine Brown, Nicole Doyle, Giulia Dowgier, Krzysztof Franaszek, Nathan A Moore, Stuart G Siddell, Erica Bickerton, Benjamin G Hale, Andrew E Firth, Ian Brierley, Nerea Irigoyen.
      Coronavirus infection induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular signalling pathway composed of three branches, triggered by unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to high ER load. We have used RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling to investigate holistically the transcriptional and translational response to cellular infection by murine hepatitis virus (MHV), often used as a model for the Betacoronavirus genus to which the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 also belongs. We found the UPR to be amongst the most significantly up-regulated pathways in response to MHV infection. To confirm and extend these observations, we show experimentally the induction of all three branches of the UPR in both MHV- and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Over-expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 or S proteins alone is itself sufficient to induce the UPR. Remarkably, pharmacological inhibition of the UPR greatly reduced the replication of both MHV and SARS-CoV-2, revealing the importance of this pathway for successful coronavirus replication. This was particularly striking when both IRE1α and ATF6 branches of the UPR were inhibited, reducing SARS-CoV-2 virion release (~1,000-fold). Together, these data highlight the UPR as a promising antiviral target to combat coronavirus infection.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009644
  46. Elife. 2021 Jun 18. pii: e60660. [Epub ahead of print]10
    The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex LUBAC generates heterotypic ubiquitin chains.
    Alan Rodriguez Carvajal, Irina Grishkovskaya, Carlos Gomez Diaz, Antonia Vogel, Adar Sonn-Segev, Manish S Kushwah, Katrin Schodl, Luiza Deszcz, Zsuzsanna Orban-Nemeth, Shinji Sakamoto, Karl Mechtler, Philipp Kukura, Tim Clausen, David Haselbach, Fumiyo Ikeda.
      The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is the only known ubiquitin ligase for linear/Met1-linked ubiquitin chain formation. One of the LUBAC components, HOIL-1L, was recently shown to catalyse oxyester bond formation between ubiquitin and some substrates. However, oxyester bond formation in the context of LUBAC has not been directly observed. Here, we present the first 3D reconstruction of human LUBAC obtained by electron microscopy and report its generation of heterotypic ubiquitin chains containing linear linkages with oxyester-linked branches. We found that this event depends on HOIL-1L catalytic activity. By cross-linking mass spectrometry showing proximity between the catalytic RBR domains, a coordinated ubiquitin relay mechanism between the HOIP and HOIL-1L ligases is suggested. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, these heterotypic chains were induced by TNF, which is reduced in cells expressing an HOIL-1L catalytic inactive mutant. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LUBAC assembles heterotypic ubiquitin chains by the concerted action of HOIP and HOIL-1L.
    Keywords:  biochemistry; chemical biology; mouse
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.60660
  47. Mol Cancer Res. 2021 Jun 15. pii: molcanres.0967.2020. [Epub ahead of print]
    In situ analysis of N-linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer.
    Lindsey R Conroy, Alexandra E Stanback, Lyndsay E A Young, Harrison A Clarke, Grant L Austin, Jinze Liu, Derek B Allison, Ramon C Sun.
      Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of prostate cancer patients. Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. N-linked glycosylation is a co-translational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. Implications: MALDI-MSI identifies N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors compared to benign tissue. This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-20-0967
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