bims-stacyt 2020-03-22 papers

bims-stacyt

Biomed News

on Paracrine crosstalk between cancer and the organism

Issue of 2020‒03‒22
ten papers selected by
Cristina Muñoz Pinedo
L’Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge

Neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences of hyperglycemia in cancer.
Enhanced Adipose Expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF)-5 Associates with the Signatures of Metabolic Inflammation in Diabetic Obese Patients.
Cross-Talk Between the Tumor Microenvironment, Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Metabolism in Cancer.
How hypoxia regulate exosomes in ischemic diseases and cancer microenvironment?
Histone demethylase KDM4C activates HIF1α/VEGFA signaling through the costimulatory factor STAT3 in NSCLC.
Hypoxia-Induced Adaptations of miRNomes and Proteomes in Melanoma Cells and Their Secreted Extracellular Vesicles.
Plasma vasopressin levels are closely associated with fetal hypotension and neuronal injury after hypoxia-ischemia in near-term fetal sheep.
Postprandial Hypoglycemia in Patients after Gastric Bypass Surgery Is Mediated by Glucose-Induced IL-1β.
Innate Cytokine Induced Early Release of IFNγ and CC Chemokines from Hypoxic Human NK Cells Is Independent of Glucose.
Resistance Mechanisms to Anti-angiogenic Therapies in Cancer.

Endocrinology. 2020 Mar 20. pii: bqaa047. [Epub ahead of print]

Neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences of hyperglycemia in cancer.

Juan H Vasquez, Jeremy C Borniger.

  A hallmark of cancer is the disruption of cellular metabolism during the course of malignant growth. Major focus is now on how these cell-autonomous processes propagate to the tumor microenvironment, and more generally, to the entire host system. This chain of events can have major consequences for a patient's health and wellbeing. For example, metabolic 'waste' produced by cancer cells activates systemic inflammatory responses, which can interfere with hepatic insulin receptor signaling and glucose homeostasis. Research is just now beginning to understand how these processes occur, and how they contribute to systemic symptoms prevalent across cancers, including hyperglycemia, fatigue, pain, and sleep disruption. Indeed, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate that the brain does not play a passive role in responding to cancer-induced changes in physiology. In this review, we provide a brief discussion of how oncogene-directed metabolic reprogramming disrupts host metabolism, with a specific emphasis on cancer-induced hyperglycemia. We further discuss how the brain senses circulating glucose concentrations and how this process goes awry as a response to distant neoplastic growth. Finally, as glucose-sensing neurons control diverse aspects of physiology and behavior, we link cancer-induced changes in energy balance to neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences for the host organism.

Keywords:  IL-6; STAT3; glucose sensing; hyperglycemia; metabolism

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa047
Cells. 2020 Mar 16. pii: E730. [Epub ahead of print]9(3):

Enhanced Adipose Expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF)-5 Associates with the Signatures of Metabolic Inflammation in Diabetic Obese Patients.

Sardar Sindhu, Shihab Kochumon, Reeby Thomas, Abdullah Bennakhi, Fahd Al-Mulla, Rasheed Ahmad.

  : Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are emerging as the metabolic transcriptional regulators in obesity/type-2 diabetes (T2D). IRF5 is implicated with macrophage polarization toward the inflammatory M1-phenotype, nonetheless, changes in the adipose expression of IRF5 in T2D and relationship of these changes with other markers of adipose inflammation remain unclear. Therefore, we determined the IRF5 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue samples from 46 T2D patients including 35 obese (Body Mass Index/BMI 33.83 ± 0.42kg/m2) and 11 lean/overweight individuals (BMI 27.55 ± 0.46kg/m2) using real-time qRT-PCR. IRF5 protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein, cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL/HDL), and triglycerides were measured using commercial kits. IRF5 gene expression was compared with that of signature inflammatory markers and several clinico-metabolic indicators. The data (mean ± SEM) show the enhanced adipose IRF5 gene (p = 0.03) and protein (p = 0.05) expression in obese compared to lean/overweight diabetic patients. Adipose IRF5 transcripts in diabetic obese individuals associated positively with those of TNF-α, IL-18, IL-23A, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL7, CCR1/5, CD11c, CD68, CD86, TLR4/7/10, Dectin-1, FGL-2, MyD88, NF-κB, IRF3, and AML1 (p < 0.05). In diabetic lean/overweight subjects, IRF5 expression associated with BMI, body fat %age, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-5, and IL-1RL1 expression; while in all T2D patients, IRF5 expression correlated with that of IRF4, TLR2/8, and CD163. In conclusion, upregulated adipose tissue IRF5 expression in diabetic obese patients concurs with the inflammatory signatures and it may represent a potential marker for metabolic inflammation in obesity/T2D.

Keywords:  Interferon regulatory factor-5; adipose tissue; metabolic inflammation; obesity; type-2 diabetes

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030730
Front Oncol. 2020 ;10 239

Cross-Talk Between the Tumor Microenvironment, Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Metabolism in Cancer.

Mona Nazemi, Elena Rainero.

  The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of secreted proteins which provides support for tissues and organs. Additionally, the ECM controls a plethora of cell functions, including cell polarity, migration, proliferation, and oncogenic transformation. One of the hallmarks of cancer is altered cell metabolism, which is currently being exploited to develop anti-cancer therapies. Several pieces of evidence indicate that the tumor microenvironment and the ECM impinge on tumor cell metabolism. Therefore, it is essential to understand the contribution of the complex 3D microenvironment in controlling metabolic plasticity and responsiveness to therapies targeting cell metabolism. In this mini-review, we will describe how the tumor microenvironment and cancer-associated fibroblasts dictate cancer cell metabolism, resulting in increased tumor progression. Moreover, we will define the cross-talk between nutrient signaling and the trafficking of the ECM receptors of the integrin family. Finally, we will present recent data highlighting the contribution of nutrient scavenging from the microenvironment to support cancer cells growth under nutrient starvation conditions.

Keywords:  cancer associated fibroblasts; cell metabolism; extracellular matrix; nutrient scavenging; nutrient signaling

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00239
IUBMB Life. 2020 Mar 20.

How hypoxia regulate exosomes in ischemic diseases and cancer microenvironment?

Sajad Yaghoubi, Hamid Najminejad, Mehran Dabaghian, Mohammad Hossein Karimi, Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh, Fariba Rad, Motahareh Mahi-Birjand, Shiva Mohammadi, Fatemeh Mohseni, Mohammad Sobhani Lari, Gholam Hossein Teymouri, Esmat Rigi Yousofabadi, Abbas Salmani, Nader Bagheri.

  Exosomes, as natural occurring vesicles, play highly important roles in the behavior and fate of ischemic diseases and different tumors. Secretion, composition, and function of exosomes are remarkably influenced by hypoxia in ischemic diseases and tumor microenvironment. Exosomes secreted from hypoxic cells affect development, growth, angiogenesis, and progression in ischemic diseases and tumors through a variety of signaling pathways. In this review article, we discuss how hypoxia affects the quantity and quality of exosomes, and review the mechanisms by which hypoxic cell-derived exosomes regulate ischemic cell behaviors in both cancerous and noncancerous cells.

Keywords:  HIF-α; exosomes; hypoxia; ischemic diseases; metastasis; microvesicles; tumor microenvironment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2275
Am J Cancer Res. 2020 ;10(2): 491-506

Histone demethylase KDM4C activates HIF1α/VEGFA signaling through the costimulatory factor STAT3 in NSCLC.

Xiaowei Wu, Yu Deng, Yukun Zu, Jin Yin.

Tumor development is accompanied by high hypoxia and a dense network of immature vessels. The hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF/VEGF) signaling pathway is activated in various solid tumors. It is thought that HIF/VEGF signaling activation results from intratumoral hypoxia partly. Multiple studies have reported that VEGF is a common target gene for both transcription factors STAT3 and HIF1. KDM4C has also been reported to function as a co-activation factor for HIF-1β/VEGF signaling activation. In this manuscript. Our results demonstrate that KDM4C promotes NSCLC tumor angiogenesis by transcriptionally activating HIF1α/VEGFA signaling pathway. We also find that STAT3 functions as a costimulatory factor in this process. This pathway opens a potential therapeutic window for the treatment of NSCLC.

Keywords: HIF1α; KDM4C; NSCLC; STAT3; Tumor angiogenesis
Cancers (Basel). 2020 Mar 14. pii: E692. [Epub ahead of print]12(3):

Hypoxia-Induced Adaptations of miRNomes and Proteomes in Melanoma Cells and Their Secreted Extracellular Vesicles.

Geoffroy Walbrecq, Odile Lecha, Anthoula Gaigneaux, Miriam R Fougeras, Demetra Philippidou, Christiane Margue, Milène Tetsi Nomigni, François Bernardin, Gunnar Dittmar, Iris Behrmann, Stephanie Kreis.

  Reduced levels of intratumoural oxygen are associated with hypoxia-induced pro-oncogenic events such as invasion, metabolic reprogramming, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and resistance to therapy, all favouring cancer progression. Small extracellular vesicles (EV) shuttle various cargos (proteins, miRNAs, DNA and others). Tumour-derived EVs can be taken up by neighbouring or distant cells in the tumour microenvironment, thus facilitating intercellular communication. The quantity of extracellular vesicle secretion and their composition can vary with changing microenvironmental conditions and disease states. Here, we investigated in melanoma cells the influence of hypoxia on the content and number of secreted EVs. Whole miRNome and proteome profiling revealed distinct expression patterns in normoxic or hypoxic growth conditions. Apart from the well-known miR-210, we identified miR-1290 as a novel hypoxia-associated microRNA, which was highly abundant in hypoxic EVs. On the other hand, miR-23a-5p and -23b-5p were consistently downregulated in hypoxic conditions, while the protein levels of the miR-23a/b-5p-predicted target IPO11 were concomitantly upregulated. Furthermore, hypoxic melanoma EVs exhibit a signature consisting of six proteins (AKR7A2, DDX39B, EIF3C, FARSA, PRMT5, VARS), which were significantly associated with a poor prognosis for melanoma patients, indicating that proteins and/or miRNAs secreted by cancer cells may be exploited as biomarkers.

Keywords:  extracellular vesicles; hypoxia; melanoma; miRNome; proteome

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030692
Pediatr Res. 2020 Mar 17.

Plasma vasopressin levels are closely associated with fetal hypotension and neuronal injury after hypoxia-ischemia in near-term fetal sheep.

Christopher A Lear, Michi Kasai, Paul P Drury, Joanne O Davidson, Etsuko Miyagi, Laura Bennet, Alistair J Gunn.

BACKGROUND: Sensitive biomarkers are needed to rapidly identify high-risk infants after hypoxia-ischemia for neuroprotective treatment. Hypotension is a key determinant of hypoxic-ischemic neural injury, and a potent stimulus of humoral pressors including angiotensin-II and arginine vasopressin. We therefore aimed to quantify the relationship between vasopressin and angiotensin-II levels in the latent phase after hypoxia-ischemia induced by umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) with both the severity of preceding hypotension and subsequent neuronal injury.METHODS: Chronically instrumented near-term fetal sheep underwent sham-UCO or UCO for either 15 min or until mean arterial pressure was <8 mmHg. Neuronal injury was assessed after 72 h recovery.
RESULTS: Umbilical cord occlusion was associated with severe hypotension that recovered after UCO; two fetuses developed profound secondary hypotension within 6 h and died. Vasopressin levels but not angiotensin-II were significantly elevated 1-3 h after UCO and were closely associated with the severity of hypotension during UCO and the subsequent severity of neuronal loss in the parasagittal and lateral cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen. The Youden cut-point for vasopressin at 1 h was 180.0 pmol/L, with sensitivity 100% and specificity 92.3% for severe neuronal injury or death.
CONCLUSION: Vasopressin levels shortly after moderate-severe hypoxia-ischemia may be a useful early biomarker to guide the timely implementation of neuroprotective treatment.
IMPACT: It can be difficuIt to rapidly identify infants who might benefit from therapeutic hypothermia. We investigated whether increases in plasma pressor hormones early after hypoxia-ischemia were biomarkers for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy using near-term fetal sheep.Arginine vasopressin levels were elevated at 1-3 h after hypoxia-ischemia and were predictive of the severity of preceding hypotension and subsequent risk of severe neuronal injury or death after hypoxia-ischemia.Arginine vasopressin may help identify neonates at high risk of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy early within the therapeutic window for hypothermia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0845-2
Cell Metab. 2020 Mar 12. pii: S1550-4131(20)30072-3. [Epub ahead of print]

Postprandial Hypoglycemia in Patients after Gastric Bypass Surgery Is Mediated by Glucose-Induced IL-1β.

Matthias Hepprich, Sophia J Wiedemann, Benjamin L Schelker, Beckey Trinh, Alessandra Stärkle, Marco Geigges, Jordan Löliger, Marianne Böni-Schnetzler, Gottfried Rudofsky, Marc Y Donath.

  Postprandial hypoglycemia is a disabling complication of the treatment of obesity by gastric bypass surgery. So far, no therapy exists, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that glucose-induced IL-1β leads to an exaggerated insulin response in this condition. Therefore, we conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study with the SGLT2-inhibitor empagliflozin and the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (clinicaltrials.govNCT03200782; n = 12). Both drugs reduced postprandial insulin release and prevented hypoglycemia (symptomatic events requiring rescue glucose: placebo = 7/12, empagliflozin = 2/12, and anakinra = 2/12, pvallikelihood ratio test (LRT) = 0.013; nadir blood glucose for placebo = 2.4 mmol/L, 95% CI 2.18-2.62, empagliflozin = 2.69 mmol/L, 95% CI 2.31-3.08, and anakinra = 2.99 mmol/L, 95% CI 2.43-3.55, pvalLRT = 0.048). Moreover, analysis of monocytes ex vivo revealed a hyper-reactive inflammatory state that has features of an exaggerated response to a meal. Our study proposes a role for glucose-induced IL-1β in postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery and suggests that SGLT2-inhibitors and IL-1 antagonism may improve this condition.

Keywords:  IL-1; IL-1Ra; SGLT2; adipositas; bariatric surgery; hypoglycemia; inflammation; insulin; late dumping; metabolism

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.013
Cells. 2020 Mar 17. pii: E734. [Epub ahead of print]9(3):

Innate Cytokine Induced Early Release of IFNγ and CC Chemokines from Hypoxic Human NK Cells Is Independent of Glucose.

Sonia Y Velásquez, Bianca S Himmelhan, Nina Kassner, Anna Coulibaly, Jutta Schulte, Kathrin Brohm, Holger A Lindner.

  Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first innate immune cells to arrive at sites of tissue inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection and tumors by the release of cytokines including interferon (IFN)γ. In vitro exposure to the innate cytokines interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-12/IL-18 enhances NK cell IFNγ production which, beyond 16 h of culture, was shown to depend on metabolic switching to glycolysis. NK effector responses are, however, rapid by comparison. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the importance of glycolysis for shorter-term IFNγ production, considering glucose deprivation and hypoxia as adverse tissue inflammation associated conditions. Treatments with IL-15 for 6 and 16 h were equally effective in priming early IFNγ production in human NK cells in response to secondary IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. Short-term priming was not associated with glycolytic switching but induced the release of IFNγ and, additionally, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 from both normoxic and hypoxic NK cells in an equally efficient and, unexpectedly, glucose independent manner. We conclude that release of IFNγ and CC chemokines in the early innate immune response is a metabolically autonomous NK effector program.

Keywords:  glycolysis; hypoxia; inflammation; innate immunity; interferon γ; interleukin 15; natural killer cells; priming

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030734
Front Oncol. 2020 ;10 221

Resistance Mechanisms to Anti-angiogenic Therapies in Cancer.

Yolla Haibe, Malek Kreidieh, Hiba El Hajj, Ibrahim Khalifeh, Deborah Mukherji, Sally Temraz, Ali Shamseddine.

  Tumor growth and metastasis rely on tumor vascular network for the adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Tumor angiogenesis relies on a highly complex program of growth factor signaling, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and stromal cell interactions. Numerous pro-angiogenic drivers have been identified, the most important of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The importance of pro-angiogenic inducers in tumor growth, invasion and extravasation make them an excellent therapeutic target in several types of cancers. Hence, the number of anti-angiogenic agents developed for cancer treatment has risen over the past decade, with at least eighty drugs being investigated in preclinical studies and phase I-III clinical trials. To date, the most common approaches to the inhibition of the VEGF axis include the blockade of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) or ligands by neutralizing antibodies, as well as the inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) enzymes. Despite promising preclinical results, anti-angiogenic monotherapies led only to mild clinical benefits. The minimal benefits could be secondary to primary or acquired resistance, through the activation of alternative mechanisms that sustain tumor vascularization and growth. Mechanisms of resistance are categorized into VEGF-dependent alterations, non-VEGF pathways and stromal cell interactions. Thus, complementary approaches such as the combination of these inhibitors with agents targeting alternative mechanisms of blood vessel formation are urgently needed. This review provides an updated overview on the pathophysiology of angiogenesis during tumor growth. It also sheds light on the different pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents that have been developed to date. Finally, it highlights the preclinical evidence for mechanisms of angiogenic resistance and suggests novel therapeutic approaches that might be exploited with the ultimate aim of overcoming resistance and improving clinical outcomes for patients with cancer.

Keywords:  VEGF; VEGF-R; angiogenesis; bevacizumab; colorectal cancer; resistance mechanisms

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00221