bims-tremyl Biomed News
on Therapy resistance biology in myeloid leukemia
Issue of 2023‒03‒05
thirty-six papers selected by
Paolo Gallipoli
Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London
  1. Validation of the prognostic significance of the 2022 European LeukemiaNet risk stratification system in intensive chemotherapy treated aged 18 to 65 years patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia.
  2. (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits KDM5 histone lysine demethylases to drive transformation in IDH-mutant cancers.
  3. Evaluation of the clinical significance of global mRNA alternative splicing in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
  4. Novel agents and regimens in acute myeloid leukemia: latest updates from 2022 ASH Annual Meeting.
  5. Integrative phosphoproteomics defines two biologically distinct groups of KMT2A rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia with different drug response phenotypes.
  6. Prediction of Nonrelapse Mortality in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Receiving Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation With Posttransplantation Cyclophosphamide-based Graft Versus Host Disease Prophylaxis.
  7. The multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806 exerts anti-cancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia by co-targeting FLT3, BTK, and Aurora kinases.
  8. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E reprograms alternative splicing.
  9. A novel Menin-MLL1 inhibitor, DS-1594a, prevents the progression of acute leukemia with rearranged MLL1 or mutated NPM1.
  10. From bone marrow failure syndromes to VEXAS: Disentangling clonal hematopoiesis, immune system, and molecular drivers.
  11. Vitamin B5 and succinyl-CoA improve ineffective erythropoiesis in SF3B1-mutated myelodysplasia.
  12. Glutaminase inhibition in combination with azacytidine in myelodysplastic syndromes: Clinical efficacy and correlative analyses.
  13. Protocol for isolation and analysis of the leukemia stem cells in BCR-ABL-driven chronic myelogenous leukemia mice.
  14. Report of four acute myeloid leukemia patients with sustained complete remission with less frequent administration of decitabine and venetoclax.
  15. Momelotinib (JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor): mechanism of action, clinical trial reports, and therapeutic prospects beyond myelofibrosis.
  16. Outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia following failure of frontline venetoclax plus hypomethylating agent therapy.
  17. Diagnostic utility of whole genome sequencing in adults with B-other acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
  18. Oxidized mC modulates synthetic lethality to PARP inhibitors for the treatment of leukemia.
  19. Targeting STAT3-VISTA axis to suppress tumor aggression and burden in acute myeloid leukemia.
  20. Liquid Biopsies for Circulating Tumor DNA Detection May Reveal Occult Hematologic Malignancies in Patients With Solid Tumors.
  21. Combination of a New Oral Demethylating Agent, OR2100, and Venetoclax for Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
  22. Update on the role of gemtuzumab-ozogamicin in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
  23. Relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukaemia: state-of-the-art in 2023.
  24. A Single-cell Atlas Identifies Pretreatment Features of Primary Imatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
  25. Reprogramming Cancer into Antigen Presenting Cells as a Novel Immunotherapy.
  26. Incidence of breakthrough fungal infections on isavuconazole prophylaxis compared to posaconazole and voriconazole.
  27. Description of an institutional cohort of myeloid neoplasms carrying ETV6-locus deletions or ETV6 rearrangements.
  28. Endothelial and Leptin Receptor+ cells promote the maintenance of stem cells and hematopoiesis in early postnatal murine bone marrow.
  29. Determinants of refined GvHD-free, relapse-free survival after reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with myeloid malignancies.
  30. O-GlcNAc glycosylation orchestrates fate decision and niche function of bone marrow stromal progenitors.
  31. TP53 in AML and MDS: The new (old) kid on the block.
  32. USB1 is a miRNA deadenylase that regulates hematopoietic development.
  33. Dietary restriction of cysteine and methionine sensitizes gliomas to ferroptosis and induces alterations in energetic metabolism.
  34. Codon-specific KRAS mutations predict survival benefit of trifluridine/tipiracil in metastatic colorectal cancer.
  35. RNA helicase DHX15 exemplifies a unique dependency in acute leukemia.
  36. NRF2 activation induces NADH-reductive stress, providing a metabolic vulnerability in lung cancer.
  1. Am J Hematol. 2023 Mar 02.
    Validation of the prognostic significance of the 2022 European LeukemiaNet risk stratification system in intensive chemotherapy treated aged 18 to 65 years patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia.
    Min-Yen Lo, Xavier Cheng-Hong Tsai, Chien-Chin Lin, Feng-Ming Tien, Yuan-Yeh Kuo, Wan-Hsuan Lee, Yen-Ling Peng, Ming-Chih Liu, Mei-Hsuan Tseng, Cheng-An Hsu, Jui-Che Chen, Liang-In Lin, Hsun-I Sun, Yi-Kuang Chuang, Bor-Sheng Ko, Jih-Luh Tang, Ming Yao, Wen-Chien Chou, Hsin-An Hou, Hwei-Fang Tien.
      The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recently proposed a revised recommendation for the diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults, recognized as ELN-2022. However, validation in a large real-world cohort remains lacking. In this study, we aimed to validate the prognostic relevance of the ELN-2022 in a cohort of 809 de novo, non-M3, younger (ages 18-65 years) AML patients receiving standard chemotherapy. The risk categories of 106 (13.1%) patients were reclassified from that determined using ELN-2017 to that determined using ELN-2022. The ELN-2022 effectively helped distinguish patients as favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk groups in terms of remission rates and survival. Among patients who achieved first complete remission (CR1), allogeneic transplantation was beneficial for those in the intermediate risk group, but not for those in the favorable or adverse risk groups. We further refined the ELN-2022 system by re-categorizing AML patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1)/RUNX1::RUNX1T1 with KIThigh , JAK2 or FLT3-ITDhigh mutations into the intermediate risk subset, AML patients with t(7;11)(p15;p15)/NUP98::HOXA9 and AML patients with co-mutated DNMT3A and FLT3-ITD into the adverse risk subsets, and AML patients with complex or monosomal karyotypes, inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) or t(3 ;3)(q21.3 ;q26.2)/GATA2,MECOM(EVI1) or TP53 mutation into the very adverse risk subset. The refined ELN-2022 system performed effectively to distinguish patients as favorable, intermediate, adverse and very adverse risk groups. In conclusion, the ELN-2022 helped distinguish younger, intensively treated patients into three groups with distinct outcomes; the proposed refinement of ELN-2022 may further improve risk stratification among AML patients. Prospective validation of the new predictive model is necessary. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26892
  2. Cancer Discov. 2023 Feb 27. pii: CD-22-0825. [Epub ahead of print]
    (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits KDM5 histone lysine demethylases to drive transformation in IDH-mutant cancers.
    Kathryn Gunn, Matti Myllykoski, John Z Cao, Manna Ahmed, Bofu Huang, Betty Rouaisnel, Bill H Diplas, Michael M Levitt, Ryan Looper, John G Doench, Keith L Ligon, Harley I Kornblum, Samuel K McBrayer, Hai Yan, Cihangir Duy, Lucy A Godley, Peppi Koivunen, Julie-Aurore Losman.
      Oncogenic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-1 and -2 occur in a wide range of cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and glioma. Mutant IDH enzymes convert 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate ((R)-2HG)), an oncometabolite that is hypothesized to promote cellular transformation by dysregulating 2OG-dependent enzymes. The only (R)-2HG target that has been convincingly shown to contribute to transformation by mutant IDH is the myeloid tumor suppressor TET2. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that (R)-2HG has other functionally relevant targets in IDH-mutant cancers. Here, we show that (R)-2HG inhibits KDM5 histone lysine demethylases and that this inhibition contributes to cellular transformation in IDH-mutant AML and IDH-mutant glioma. These studies provide the first evidence of a functional link between dysregulation of histone lysine methylation and transformation in IDH-mutant cancers.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-22-0825
  3. Am J Hematol. 2023 Mar 01.
    Evaluation of the clinical significance of global mRNA alternative splicing in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
    Yi-Tsung Yang, Chi-Yuan Yao, Po-Ju Chiu, Chein-Jun Kao, Hsin-An Hou, Chien-Chin Lin, Wen-Chien Chou, Hwei-Fang Tien.
      Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) is involved in leukemogenesis. This study explored the clinical impact of alterations in global AS patterns in 341 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) newly diagnosed at the National Taiwan University Hospital and validated it using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. While studying normal cord blood CD34+ /CD38- cells, we found that AML cells exhibited significantly different global splicing patterns. AML with mutated TP53 had a particularly high degree of genome-wide aberrations in the splicing patterns. Aberrance in the global splicing pattern was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor affecting the overall survival of patients with AML receiving standard intensive chemotherapy. The integration of global splicing patterns into the 2022 European LeukemiaNet risk classification could stratify AML patients into four groups with distinct prognoses in both our experimental and TCGA cohorts. We further identified four genes with AS alterations that harbored prognostic significance in both of these cohorts. Moreover, these survival-associated AS events are involved in several important cellular processes that might be associated with poor response to intensive chemotherapy. In summary, our study demonstrated the clinical and biological implications of differential global splicing patterns in AML patients. Further studies with larger prospective cohorts are required to confirm these findings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Keywords:  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML); Alternative splicing (AS); RNA sequencing (RNA seq); clinical significance
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26893
  4. J Hematol Oncol. 2023 Mar 03. 16(1): 17
    Novel agents and regimens in acute myeloid leukemia: latest updates from 2022 ASH Annual Meeting.
    Katherine W DiNardo, Thomas W LeBlanc, Hui Chen.
      Developments in investigational agents and novel regimens in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were reported in the 2022 American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting. Encouraging efficacy data were presented from first-in-human studies of two investigational menin inhibitors, SNDX-5613 and KO-539, in relapsed and refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with KMT2A rearrangement or mutant NPM1, with overall response rates (ORR) of 53% (32/60) and 40% (8/20), respectively. The addition of the novel drug pivekimab sunirine, a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD123, to azacitidine and venetoclax in R/R AML resulted in an ORR of 45% (41/91), which rose to 53% in those who were venetoclax naïve. Additional novel triplet treatment combinations included the addition of magrolimab, an anti-CD47 antibody, to azacitidine and venetoclax, with an ORR of 81% (35/43) in newly diagnosed AML, including an ORR of 74% (20/27) in TP53 mutated AML. The addition of the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib to azacitidine/venetoclax was also featured, with an ORR of 100% (27/27) in newly diagnosed AML and an ORR of 70% (14/20) in R/R AML.
    Keywords:  AML; Acute myeloid leukemia; Clinical research; Investigational therapies
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01411-x
  5. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Feb 27. 8(1): 80
    Integrative phosphoproteomics defines two biologically distinct groups of KMT2A rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia with different drug response phenotypes.
    Pedro Casado, Ana Rio-Machin, Juho J Miettinen, Findlay Bewicke-Copley, Kevin Rouault-Pierre, Szilvia Krizsan, Alun Parsons, Vinothini Rajeeve, Farideh Miraki-Moud, David C Taussig, Csaba Bödör, John Gribben, Caroline Heckman, Jude Fitzgibbon, Pedro R Cutillas.
      Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients harbouring certain chromosome abnormalities have particularly adverse prognosis. For these patients, targeted therapies have not yet made a significant clinical impact. To understand the molecular landscape of poor prognosis AML we profiled 74 patients from two different centres (in UK and Finland) at the proteomic, phosphoproteomic and drug response phenotypic levels. These data were complemented with transcriptomics analysis for 39 cases. Data integration highlighted a phosphoproteomics signature that define two biologically distinct groups of KMT2A rearranged leukaemia, which we term MLLGA and MLLGB. MLLGA presented increased DOT1L phosphorylation, HOXA gene expression, CDK1 activity and phosphorylation of proteins involved in RNA metabolism, replication and DNA damage when compared to MLLGB and no KMT2A rearranged samples. MLLGA was particularly sensitive to 15 compounds including genotoxic drugs and inhibitors of mitotic kinases and inosine-5-monosphosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) relative to other cases. Intermediate-risk KMT2A-MLLT3 cases were mainly represented in a third group closer to MLLGA than to MLLGB. The expression of IMPDH2 and multiple nucleolar proteins was higher in MLLGA and correlated with the response to IMPDH inhibition in KMT2A rearranged leukaemia, suggesting a role of the nucleolar activity in sensitivity to treatment. In summary, our multilayer molecular profiling of AML with poor prognosis and KMT2A-MLLT3 karyotypes identified a phosphoproteomics signature that defines two biologically and phenotypically distinct groups of KMT2A rearranged leukaemia. These data provide a rationale for the potential development of specific therapies for AML patients characterised by the MLLGA phosphoproteomics signature identified in this study.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01288-1
  6. Hemasphere. 2023 Mar;7(3): e846
    Prediction of Nonrelapse Mortality in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Receiving Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation With Posttransplantation Cyclophosphamide-based Graft Versus Host Disease Prophylaxis.
    Sjoerd J F Hermans, Jurjen Versluis, Myriam Labopin, Sebastian Giebel, Yvette van Norden, Ivan Moiseev, Didier Blaise, Jose L Díez Martín, Ellen Meijer, Montserrat Rovira, Goda Choi, Anna Maria Raiola, Yener Koc, Péter Reményi, Jan Vydra, Nicolaus Kröger, Simona Sica, Massimo Martino, Gwendolyn van Gorkom, Patrice Chevallier, Alessandro Busca, Concepcion Herrera Arroyo, Eolia Brissot, Zinaida Peric, Arnon Nagler, Roni Shouval, Fabio Ciceri, Jan J Cornelissen, Mohamad Mohty.
      Graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCY) has been established to reduce severe GVHD, and thereby potentially reducing nonrelapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). We evaluated the predictive capacity of established NRM-risk scores in patients receiving PTCY-based GVHD prophylaxis, and subsequently developed and validated a novel PTCY-specific NRM-risk model. Adult patients (n = 1861) with AML or ALL in first complete remission who received alloSCT with PTCY-based GVHD prophylaxis were included. The PTCY-risk score was developed using multivariable Fine and Gray regression, selecting parameters from the hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index (HCT-CI) and European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) score with a subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of ≥1.2 for 2-year NRM in the training set (70% split), which was validated in the test set (30%). The performance of the EBMT score, HCT-CI, and integrated EBMT score was relatively poor for discriminating 2-year NRM (c-statistic 51.7%, 56.6%, and 59.2%, respectively). The PTCY-risk score included 10 variables which were collapsed in 3 risk groups estimating 2-year NRM of 11% ± 2%, 19% ± 2%, and 36% ± 3% (training set, c-statistic 64%), and 11% ± 2%, 18% ± 3%, and 31% ± 5% (test set, c-statistic 63%), which also translated into different overall survival. Collectively, we developed an NRM-risk score for acute leukemia patients receiving PTCY that better predicted 2-year NRM compared with existing models, which might be applicable to the specific toxicities of high-dose cyclophosphamide.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1097/HS9.0000000000000846
  7. Res Sq. 2023 Feb 22. pii: rs.3.rs-2570204. [Epub ahead of print]
    The multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806 exerts anti-cancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia by co-targeting FLT3, BTK, and Aurora kinases.
    Guopan Yu, Weiguo Zhang, Hongying Zhang, Charlie Ly, Mahesh Basyal, William G Rice, Michael Andreeff.
      Background: Despite the development of several FLT3 inhibitors that have improved outcomes in patients with FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemias (AML), drug resistance is frequently observed, which may be associated with the activation of additional pro-survival pathways such as those regulated by BTK, aurora kinases, and potentially others in addition to acquired tyrosine kinase domains (TKD) mutations of FLT3 gene. FLT3 may not always be a driver mutation. Objective: To evaluate the anti-leukemia efficacy of the novel multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806, which targets FLT3 and other kinases, in order to circumvent drug resistance and target FLT3 wild-type (WT) cells. Methods : The anti-leukemia activity of CG-806 was investigated by measuring apoptosis induction and analyzing cell cycle with flow cytometry in vitro , and its anti-leukemia Results: CG-806 demonstrated superior anti-leukemia efficacy compared to commercially available FLT3 inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo , regardless of FLT3 mutational status. The mechanism of action of CG-806 may involve its broad inhibitory profile of FLT3, BTK, and aurora kinases. In FLT3 mutant cells, CG-806 induced G1 phase blockage, while in FLT3 WT cells, it resulted in G2/M arrest. Targeting FLT3 and Bcl-2 and/or Mcl-1 simultaneously resulted in a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect in FLT3 mutant leukemia cells. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that CG-806 is a promising multi-kinase inhibitor with anti-leukemia efficacy, regardless of FLT3 mutational status. A phase 1 clinical trial of CG-806 for the treatment of AML has been initiated (NCT04477291).
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2570204/v1
  8. EMBO J. 2023 Feb 27. e110496
    The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E reprograms alternative splicing.
    Mehdi Ghram, Gavin Morris, Biljana Culjkovic-Kraljacic, Jean-Clement Mars, Patrick Gendron, Lucy Skrabanek, Maria Victoria Revuelta, Leandro Cerchietti, Monica L Guzman, Katherine L B Borden.
      Aberrant splicing is typically attributed to splice-factor (SF) mutation and contributes to malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we discovered a mutation-independent means to extensively reprogram alternative splicing (AS). We showed that the dysregulated expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E elevated selective splice-factor production, thereby impacting multiple spliceosome complexes, including factors mutated in AML such as SF3B1 and U2AF1. These changes generated a splicing landscape that predominantly supported altered splice-site selection for ~800 transcripts in cell lines and ~4,600 transcripts in specimens from high-eIF4E AML patients otherwise harboring no known SF mutations. Nuclear RNA immunoprecipitations, export assays, polysome analyses, and mutational studies together revealed that eIF4E primarily increased SF production via its nuclear RNA export activity. By contrast, eIF4E dysregulation did not induce known SF mutations or alter spliceosome number. eIF4E interacted with the spliceosome and some pre-mRNAs, suggesting its direct involvement in specific splicing events. eIF4E induced simultaneous effects on numerous SF proteins, resulting in a much larger range of splicing alterations than in the case of mutation or dysregulation of individual SFs and providing a novel paradigm for splicing control and dysregulation.
    Keywords:  acute myeloid leukemia; eIF4E; splicing
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021110496
  9. Cancer Cell Int. 2023 Feb 25. 23(1): 36
    A novel Menin-MLL1 inhibitor, DS-1594a, prevents the progression of acute leukemia with rearranged MLL1 or mutated NPM1.
    Masashi Numata, Noriyasu Haginoya, Machiko Shiroishi, Tsuyoshi Hirata, Aiko Sato-Otsubo, Kenji Yoshikawa, Yoshimi Takata, Reina Nagase, Yoshinori Kashimoto, Makoto Suzuki, Nina Schulte, Gernot Polier, Akiko Kurimoto, Yumiko Tomoe, Akiko Toyota, Tomoko Yoneyama, Emi Imai, Kenji Watanabe, Tomoaki Hamada, Ryutaro Kanada, Jun Watanabe, Yoshiko Kagoshima, Eri Tokumaru, Kenji Murata, Takayuki Baba, Taeko Shinozaki, Masami Ohtsuka, Koichi Goto, Tsuyoshi Karibe, Takao Deguchi, Yoshihiro Gocho, Masanori Yoshida, Daisuke Tomizawa, Motohiro Kato, Shinji Tsutsumi, Mayumi Kitagawa, Yuki Abe.
      BACKGROUND: Mixed lineage leukemia 1-rearranged (MLL1-r) acute leukemia patients respond poorly to currently available treatments and there is a need to develop more effective therapies directly disrupting the Menin‒MLL1 complex. Small-molecule-mediated inhibition of the protein‒protein interaction between Menin and MLL1 fusion proteins is a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with MLL1-r or mutated-nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1c) acute leukemia. In this study, we preclinically evaluated the new compound DS-1594a and its salts.METHODS: We evaluated the preclinical efficacy of DS-1594a as well as DS-1594a·HCl (the HCl salt of DS-1594a) and DS-1594a·succinate (the succinic acid salt of DS-1594a, DS-1594b) in vitro and in vivo using acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models.
    RESULTS: Our results showed that MLL1-r or NPM1c human leukemic cell lines were selectively and highly sensitive to DS-1594a·HCl, with 50% growth inhibition values < 30 nM. Compared with cytrabine, the standard chemotherapy drug as AML therapy, both DS-1594a·HCl and DS-1594a·succinate mediated the eradication of potential leukemia-initiating cells by enhancing differentiation and reducing serial colony-forming potential in MLL1-r AML cells in vitro. The results were confirmed by flow cytometry, RNA sequencing, RT‒qPCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses. DS-1594a·HCl and DS-1594a·succinate exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and survival benefit in MOLM-13 cell and patient-derived xenograft models of MLL1-r or NPM1c acute leukemia in vivo.
    CONCLUSION: We have generated a novel, potent, orally available small-molecule inhibitor of the Menin-MLL1 interaction, DS-1594a. Our results suggest that DS-1594a has medicinal properties distinct from those of cytarabine and that DS-1594a has the potential to be a new anticancer therapy and support oral dosing regimen for clinical studies (NCT04752163).
    Keywords:  Leukemia-initiating cells; MLL1-r or NPM1c acute leukemia; Menin-MLL1 inhibitor
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-02877-y
  10. Leuk Res. 2023 Feb 11. pii: S0145-2126(23)00023-1. [Epub ahead of print]127 107038
    From bone marrow failure syndromes to VEXAS: Disentangling clonal hematopoiesis, immune system, and molecular drivers.
    Carmelo Gurnari, Valeria Visconte.
      Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a result of the selective expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) carrying somatic mutations originating from a primary HSC. The advent of modern genomic technologies has helped recognizing that CH is common in elderly healthy subjects as a result of the aging bone marrow (BM). CH in healthy subjects without abnormalities in blood counts is known as CH of indeterminate potential. CH is also seen in BM failure (BMF) disorders. Whether CH alarms for the risk to develop malignant evolution in BMF or creates an adaptation to selective pressure is a matter of controversy. As such, a continuum might exist from pre-malignant to malignant hematopoietic diseases. This review summarizes how somatic mutations and immune derangement in HSCs shape disease evolution and describes the complexity of disorders such as VEXAS as the prototypic tetrad of somatic mutations, morphologic features, inflammatory pathways and immune overshooting. In such a view, we interconnect the axis aging and immune-hematopoietic system, which all convey important clues for the risk to develop malignancies.
    Keywords:  Bone marrow failure syndromes; Clonal hematopoiesis; Immune regulation; VEXAS
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2023.107038
  11. Sci Transl Med. 2023 Mar;15(685): eabn5135
    Vitamin B5 and succinyl-CoA improve ineffective erythropoiesis in SF3B1-mutated myelodysplasia.
    Syed A Mian, Céline Philippe, Eleni Maniati, Pantelitsa Protopapa, Tiffany Bergot, Marion Piganeau, Travis Nemkov, Doriana Di Bella, Valle Morales, Andrew J Finch, Angelo D'Alessandro, Katiuscia Bianchi, Jun Wang, Paolo Gallipoli, Shahram Kordasti, Anne Sophie Kubasch, Michael Cross, Uwe Platzbecker, Daniel H Wiseman, Dominique Bonnet, Delphine G Bernard, John G Gribben, Kevin Rouault-Pierre.
      Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) present with symptomatic anemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis that impedes their quality of life and increases morbidity. More than 80% of patients with MDS-RS harbor splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) mutations, the founder aberration driving MDS-RS disease. Here, we report how mis-splicing of coenzyme A synthase (COASY), induced by mutations in SF3B1, affects heme biosynthesis and erythropoiesis. Our data revealed that COASY was up-regulated during normal erythroid differentiation, and its silencing prevented the formation of erythroid colonies, impeded erythroid differentiation, and precluded heme accumulation. In patients with MDS-RS, loss of protein due to COASY mis-splicing led to depletion of both CoA and succinyl-CoA. Supplementation with COASY substrate (vitamin B5) rescued CoA and succinyl-CoA concentrations in SF3B1mut cells and mended erythropoiesis differentiation defects in MDS-RS primary patient cells. Our findings reveal a key role of the COASY pathway in erythroid maturation and identify upstream and downstream metabolites of COASY as a potential treatment for anemia in patients with MDS-RS.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5135
  12. Res Sq. 2023 Feb 23. pii: rs.3.rs-2518774. [Epub ahead of print]
    Glutaminase inhibition in combination with azacytidine in myelodysplastic syndromes: Clinical efficacy and correlative analyses.
    Marina Konopleva, Courtney DiNardo, Tushar Bhagat, Natalia Baran, Alessia Lodi, Kapil Saxena, Tianyu Cai, Xiaoping Su, Anna Skwarska, Veronica Guerra, Vinitha Kuruvilla, Sergej Konoplev, Shanisha Gordon-Mitchell, Kith Pradhan, Srinivas Aluri, Meghan Collins, Shannon Sweeney, Jonathan Busquet, Atul Rathore, Qing Deng, Michael Green, Steven Grant, Susan Demo, Gaurav Choudhary, Srabani Sahu, Beamon Agarwal, Mason Spodek, Victor Thiruthuvanathan, Britta Will, Ulrich Steidl, George Tippett, Jan Burger, Gautam Borthakur, Elias Jabbour, Naveen Pemmaraju, Tapan Kadia, Steven Kornblau, Naval Daver, Kiran Naqvi, Nicholas Short, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Stefano Tiziani, Amit Verma.
      Malignancies can become reliant on glutamine as an alternative energy source and as a facilitator of aberrant DNA methylation, thus implicating glutaminase (GLS) as a potential therapeutic target. We demonstrate preclinical synergy of telaglenastat (CB-839), a selective GLS inhibitor, when combined with azacytidine (AZA), in vitro and in vivo , followed by a phase Ib/II study of the combination in patients with advanced MDS. Treatment with telaglenastat/AZA led to an ORR of 70% with CR/mCRs in 53% patients and a median overall survival of 11.6 months. scRNAseq and flow cytometry demonstrated a myeloid differentiation program at the stem cell level in clinical responders. Expression of non-canonical glutamine transporter, SLC38A1, was found to be overexpressed in MDS stem cells; was associated with clinical responses to telaglenastat/AZA and predictive of worse prognosis in a large MDS cohort. These data demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a combined metabolic and epigenetic approach in MDS.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2518774/v1
  13. STAR Protoc. 2023 Feb 14. pii: S2666-1667(23)00081-3. [Epub ahead of print]4(1): 102123
    Protocol for isolation and analysis of the leukemia stem cells in BCR-ABL-driven chronic myelogenous leukemia mice.
    Chang Liu, Xiaoying Lin, Yanli Jin, Jingxuan Pan.
      Practical procedures for sorting and analysis of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are to improve our understanding of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Here, we present a detailed magnetic-bead-based sorting and flow-cytometry-based analysis protocol for LSCs in BCR-ABL-driven CML mice. We describe steps for sorting and functional analysis of BCR-ABL-expressing c-Kit+ cells (GFP+c-Kit+) from CML mice as well as antibody staining and gating strategies for characterization of leukemia stem/progenitor cells and myeloid leukemia cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. (2022).1.
    Keywords:  Cell isolation; Flow Cytometry/Mass Cytometry; Model Organisms; Stem Cells
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102123
  14. Leuk Lymphoma. 2023 Feb 27. 1-3
    Report of four acute myeloid leukemia patients with sustained complete remission with less frequent administration of decitabine and venetoclax.
    Ahmed Aribi, Amandeep Salhotra, Brian Ball, Anthony Stein, Guido Marcucci, Vinod Pullarkat.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2023.2179361
  15. Haematologica. 2023 Mar 02.
    Momelotinib (JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor): mechanism of action, clinical trial reports, and therapeutic prospects beyond myelofibrosis.
    Ayalew Tefferi, Animesh Pardanani, Naseema Gangat.
      Janus kinase 2 inhibitors (JAKi) are now part of the therapeutic armamentarium for primary and secondary myelofibrosis (MF). Patients with MF endure shortened survival and poor quality of life (QoL). Allogeneic stem cell transplant is currently the only treatment modality in MF with the potential to cure the disease or prolong survival. By contrast, current drug therapy in MF targets QoL and does not modify the natural history of the disease. The discovery of JAK2 and other JAK-STAT activating mutations (i.e., CALR and MPL) in myeloproliferative neoplasms, including MF, has facilitated the development of several JAKi that are not necessarily specific to the oncogenic mutations themselves but proved effective in countering JAK-STAT signaling, resulting in suppression of inflammatory cytokines and myeloproliferation. This non-specific activity resulted in clinically favorable effects on constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly and, consequently, FDA approval of three small molecule JAKi: ruxolitinib, fedratinib, and pacritinib. A fourth JAKi, momelotinib, is poised for FDA approval soon and has been shown to provide additional benefit in alleviating transfusiondependent anemia in MF. The salutary effect of momelotinib on anemia has been attributed to inhibition of activin A receptor, type 1 (ACVR1) and recent information suggests similar effect from pacritinib. ACRV1 mediates SMAD2/3 signalling that contributes to upregulation of hepcidin production and iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Therapeutic targeting of ACRV1 raises therapeutic prospects in other myeloid neoplasms associated with ineffective erythropoiesis, such as myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts or SF3B1 mutation, especially those with co-expression of JAK2 mutation and thrombocytosis.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.282612
  16. Haematologica. 2023 Mar 02.
    Outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia following failure of frontline venetoclax plus hypomethylating agent therapy.
    Naseema Gangat, Rimal Ilyas, Isla M Johnson, Kristen McCullough, Aref Al-Kali, Hassan B Alkhateeb, Kebede H Begna, Abhishek Mangaonkar, Mark R Litzow, William Hogan, Mithun Shah, Mrinal M Patnaik, Animesh Pardanani, Ayalew Tefferi.
      Not available.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.282677
  17. Blood Adv. 2023 Mar 03. pii: bloodadvances.2022008992. [Epub ahead of print]
    Diagnostic utility of whole genome sequencing in adults with B-other acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    Daniel Leongamornlert, Jesús Gutiérrez-Abril, Soo Wah Lee, Emilio Barretta, Tom Creasey, Gunes Gundem, Max Fine Levine, Juan Esteban Arango Ossa, Konstantinos Liosis, Juan Santiago Medina-Martinez, Krisztina Zuborne Alapi, Amy A Kirkwood, Laura Clifton-Hadley, Pip Patrick, David Jones, Laura J O'Neill, Adam P Butler, Christine J Harrison, Peter J Campbell, Bela Patel, Anthony V Moorman, Adele K Fielding, Elli Papaemmanuil.
      Genomic profiling at diagnosis of B-cell precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL) in adults is used to guide disease classification, risk stratification and treatment decisions. Patients for which diagnostic screening fails to identify disease defining or risk stratifying lesions are classified as B-other ALL. We screened a cohort of 652 BCP-ALL cases enrolled in UKALL14 to identify and perform whole genome sequencing (WGS) on paired tumor-normal samples. For 52 B-other patients we compared WGS findings to data from clinical and research cytogenetics. WGS identifies a cancer associated event in 51/52 cases, this includes an established subtype defining genetic alteration in 5/52 that were previously missed by standard-of-care genetics. Of the 47 true B-other ALL we identified a recurrent driver in 87% (41). Complex karyotype by cytogenetics emerges as a heterogeneous group, including distinct genetic alterations associated with either favorable (DUX4-r) or poor outcomes (MEF2D-r, IGK::BCL2). For a subset of 31 cases, we integrate findings from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to include fusion gene detection, and classification by gene expression. Compared to RNA-seq, WGS was sufficient to detect and resolve recurrent genetic subtypes, however RNA-seq can provide orthogonal validation of findings. In conclusion, we demonstrate that WGS can identify clinically relevant genetic abnormalities missed by standard-of-care testing and identify leukemia driver events in virtually all cases of B-other ALL.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008992
  18. Cell Rep. 2023 Jan 31. pii: S2211-1247(23)00038-4. [Epub ahead of print]42(1): 112027
    Oxidized mC modulates synthetic lethality to PARP inhibitors for the treatment of leukemia.
    John P Brabson, Tiffany Leesang, Yoon Sing Yap, Jingjing Wang, Minh Q Lam, Byron Fang, Igor Dolgalev, Daniela A Barbieri, Victoria Strippoli, Carolina P Bañuelos, Sofia Mohammad, Peter Lyon, Sana Chaudhry, Dane Donich, Anna Swirski, Evan Roberts, Ivelisse Diaz, Daniel Karl, Helena Gomes Dos Santos, Ramin Shiekhattar, Benjamin G Neel, Stephen D Nimer, Ramiro E Verdun, Daniel Bilbao, Maria E Figueroa, Luisa Cimmino.
      TET2 haploinsufficiency is a driving event in myeloid cancers and is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Enhancing residual TET2 activity using vitamin C increases oxidized 5-methylcytosine (mC) formation and promotes active DNA demethylation via base excision repair (BER), which slows leukemia progression. We utilize genetic and compound library screening approaches to identify rational combination treatment strategies to improve use of vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy for AML. In addition to increasing the efficacy of several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, vitamin C treatment with poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) elicits a strong synergistic effect to block AML self-renewal in murine and human AML models. Vitamin-C-mediated TET activation combined with PARPis causes enrichment of chromatin-bound PARP1 at oxidized mCs and γH2AX accumulation during mid-S phase, leading to cell cycle stalling and differentiation. Given that most AML subtypes maintain residual TET2 expression, vitamin C could elicit broad efficacy as a PARPi therapeutic adjuvant.
    Keywords:  CP: Cancer; PARPi; ascorbate; leukemia; oxidized methylcytosine; tet2
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112027
  19. J Hematol Oncol. 2023 Feb 27. 16(1): 15
    Targeting STAT3-VISTA axis to suppress tumor aggression and burden in acute myeloid leukemia.
    Jianshan Mo, Lin Deng, Keren Peng, Shumin Ouyang, Wen Ding, Linlin Lou, Ziyou Lin, Jianzheng Zhu, Jingwei Li, Qiyi Zhang, Pengyan Wang, Yuanzhen Wen, Xiaobing Chen, Peibin Yue, Jin-Jian Lu, Kai Zhu, Yongjiang Zheng, Yuanxiang Wang, Xiaolei Zhang.
      The acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients obtain limited benefits from current immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), although immunotherapy have achieved encouraging success in numerous cancers. Here, we found that V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), a novel immune checkpoint, is highly expressed in primary AML cells and associated with poor prognosis of AML patients. Targeting VISTA by anti-VISTA mAb boosts T cell-mediated cytotoxicity to AML cells. Interestingly, high expression of VISTA is positively associated with hyperactive STAT3 in AML. Further evidence showed that STAT3 functions as a transcriptional regulator to modulate VISTA expression by directly binding to DNA response element of VISTA gene. We further develop a potent and selective STAT3 inhibitor W1046, which significantly suppresses AML proliferation and survival. W1046 remarkably enhances the efficacy of VISTA mAb by activating T cells via inhibition of STAT3 signaling and down-regulation of VISTA. Moreover, combination of W1046 and VISTA mAb achieves a significant anti-AML effect in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our findings confirm that VISTA is a potential target for AML therapy which transcriptionally regulated by STAT3 and provide a promising therapeutic strategy for immunotherapy of AML.
    Keywords:  AML; Immunotherapy; STAT3 inhibitor; VISTA
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01410-y
  20. JCO Precis Oncol. 2023 Mar;7 e2200583
    Liquid Biopsies for Circulating Tumor DNA Detection May Reveal Occult Hematologic Malignancies in Patients With Solid Tumors.
    Mihaela Aldea, Marco Tagliamento, Arnaud Bayle, Damien Vasseur, Véronique Vergé, Arianna Marinello, François-Xavier Danlos, Felix Blanc-Durand, Elsa Bernard, Luigi Cerbone, Maria Fernanda Mosele, Aline Renneville, Julien Hadoux, Yohann Loriot, Madona Sakkal, Aurore Vozy, Clementine Sarkozy, Cristina Smolenschi, Claudio Nicotra, Patricia Martin-Romano, Clementine Boccon-Gibod, Wafikaamira Habza, Julien Lazarovici, Santiago Ponce, Antoine Hollebecque, Christophe Marzac, Ludovic Lacroix, Fabrice Barlesi, Fabrice André, Benjamin Besse, Etienne Rouleau, Antoine Italiano, Jean-Baptiste Micol.
      PURPOSE: High-risk clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is frequently incidentally found in patients with solid tumors undergoing plasma cell-free DNA sequencing. Here, we aimed to determine if the incidental detection of high-risk CH by liquid biopsy may reveal occult hematologic malignancies in patients with solid tumors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients with advanced solid cancers enrolled in the Gustave Roussy Cancer Profiling study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04932525) underwent at least one liquid biopsy (FoundationOne Liquid CDx). Molecular reports were discussed within the Gustave Roussy Molecular Tumor Board (MTB). Potential CH alterations were observed, and patients referred to hematology consultation in the case of pathogenic mutations in JAK2, MPL, or MYD88, irrespective of the variant allele frequency (VAF), or in DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, IDH1, IDH2, SF3B1, or U2AF1 with VAF ≥ 10%, while also considering patient cancer-related prognosis. TP53 mutations were discussed case-by-case.
    RESULTS: Between March and October 2021, 1,416 patients were included. One hundred ten patients (7.7%) carried at least one high-risk CH mutation: DNMT3A (n = 32), JAK2 (n = 28), TET2 (n = 19), ASXL1 (n = 18), SF3B1 (n = 5), IDH1 (n = 4), IDH2 (n = 3), MPL (n = 3), and U2AF1 (n = 2). The MTB advised for hematologic consultation in 45 patients. Overall, 9 patients of 18 actually addressed had confirmed hematologic malignancies that were occult in six patients: two patients had myelodysplastic syndrome, two essential thrombocythemia, one a marginal lymphoma, and one a Waldenström macroglobulinemia. The other three patients were already followed up in hematology.
    CONCLUSION: The incidental findings of high-risk CH through liquid biopsy may trigger diagnostic hematologic tests and reveal an occult hematologic malignancy. Patients should have a multidisciplinary case-by-case evaluation.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.22.00583
  21. Cancer Res Commun. 2023 Feb;3(2): 297-308
    Combination of a New Oral Demethylating Agent, OR2100, and Venetoclax for Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
    Kazuharu Kamachi, Hiroshi Ureshino, Tatsuro Watanabe, Nao Yoshida-Sakai, Yuki Fukuda-Kurahashi, Kazunori Kawasoe, Toshimi Hoshiko, Yuta Yamamoto, Yuki Kurahashi, Shinya Kimura.
      The standard treatment for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is venetoclax (Ven), a BCL-2-selective inhibitor, combined with hypomethylating agents (HMA) such as azacitidine or decitabine. This regimen results in low toxicity, high response rates, and potentially durable remission; however, because of low oral bioavailability, these conventional HMAs must be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. A combination of oral HMAs and Ven would provide a therapeutic advantage over parenteral administration of drugs and improve quality of life by reducing the number of hospital visits. Previously, we showed the promising oral bioavailability and antileukemia effects of a new HMA, OR2100 (OR21). Here, we investigated the efficacy and underlying mechanism of OR21 when used in combination with Ven to treat AML. OR21/Ven showed synergistic antileukemia effects in vitro, and significantly prolonged survival without increasing toxicity in a human leukemia xenograft mice model. RNA sequencing following combination therapy revealed downregulation of VAMP7, which is involved in autophagic maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Combination therapy led to accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to increased apoptosis. The data suggest that the combination of OR21 plus Ven is a promising candidate oral therapy for AML.Significance: The standard treatment for elderly patients with AML is Ven combined with HMAs. OR21, a new oral HMA plus Ven showed synergistic antileukemia effects in vitro and vivo, suggesting that the combination of OR2100 plus Ven is a promising candidate oral therapy for AML.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-22-0259
  22. Ther Adv Hematol. 2023 ;14 20406207231154708
    Update on the role of gemtuzumab-ozogamicin in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
    Mahesh Swaminathan, Jorge E Cortes.
      Gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (GO) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in which a monoclonal antibody targeting CD33 is covalently linked to the toxin calicheamicin. GO was initially approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adult patients with CD33+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 2000. However, GO was recalled from the US market due to the lack of efficacy, and higher incidence of hepatotoxicities, including hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), observed in phase 3 SWOG-0106 study. Since then, several other phase 3 studies have evaluated the efficacy of GO in the frontline treatment of adult patients with AML using different GO doses and schedules. The pivotal study that led to the reconsideration of GO was the French ALFA-0701 study, which used a lower and fractionated dose of GO in combination with standard chemotherapy (SC). Patients treated with the GO combination had a significantly longer survival outcome. The modified schedule also improved the toxicity profile. A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 3000 patients treated in five phase 3 studies showed that adding GO to SC improved relapse-free and overall survival. Most importantly, 6 mg/m2 dose of GO was associated with higher grade ⩾3 hepatoxicities and VOD than 3 mg/m2. The survival benefit was significant in the favorable and intermediate cytogenetic risk groups. This led to the reapproval of GO in 2017 for the treatment of patients with CD33+ AML. Currently, several clinical trials are exploring the role of GO with various combinations and in eliminating the measurable residual disease in patients with CD33+ AML.
    Keywords:  AML; antibody-drug conjugate; gemtuzumab-ozogamicin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/20406207231154708
  23. Haematologica. 2023 Mar 02.
    Relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukaemia: state-of-the-art in 2023.
    Grace Egan, Sarah K Tasian.
      Although outcomes for children and adolescents with newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have improved significantly over the past two decades, more than one-third of patients nonetheless continue to relapse and experience suboptimal long-term outcomes. Given the small numbers of patients with relapsed AML and historic logistical barriers to international collaboration including poor trial funding and drug availability, management of AML relapse has varied amongst paediatric oncology cooperative groups with several utilised salvage regimens and a lack of universally-defined response criteria. The landscape of relapsed paediatric AML treatment is rapidly changing, however, as the international AML community harnesses collective knowledge and resources to characterize the genetic and immunophenotypic heterogeneity of relapsed disease, identify biologic targets of interest within specific AML subtypes, develop new precision medicine approaches for collaborative investigation in earlyphase clinical trials, and tackle challenges of universal drug access across the globe. This review provides a comprehensive overview of progress achieved to date in the treatment of paediatric patients with relapsed AML and highlights modern, state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches under active and emerging clinical investigation that have been facilitated by international collaboration amongst academic paediatric oncologists, laboratory scientists, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical partners, cancer research sponsors, and patient advocates.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.281106
  24. Blood. 2023 Mar 01. pii: blood.2022017295. [Epub ahead of print]
    A Single-cell Atlas Identifies Pretreatment Features of Primary Imatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
    Vaidehi Krishnan, Florian Schmidt, Zahid Nawaz, Prasanna Nori Venkatesh, Kian Leong Lee, Xi Ren, Zhu En Chan, Mengge Yu, Meera Makheja, Nirmala Arul Rayan, Michelle Gek Liang Lim, Alice Man Sze Cheung, Sudipto Bari, Wee Joo Chng, Hein Than, John Ouyang, Owen Rackham, Tuan Zea Tan, William Ying Khee Hwang, Charles Chuah, Shyam Prabhakar, S Tiong Ong.
      Primary resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is a significant barrier to optimal outcomes in chronic myeloid leukemia, but little is known about the factors contributing to response heterogeneity. Using scRNA-sequencing, we identified eight statistically significant features in pretreatment bone marrow mononuclear cells which correlated with either sensitivity (major molecular response or MMR) or extreme resistance to imatinib (eventual blast crisis transformation). Employing machine-learning, we also identified LSC and NK gene expression profiles predicting imatinib response with >80% accuracy, including zero false positives for predicting BC. A canonical erythroid-specifying (TAL1/KLF1/GATA1) regulon was a hallmark of LSCs from patients with MMR and was associated with erythroid progenitor (ERP) expansion in vivo (p<0.05), and a marked 2-10-fold (6.3-fold in Group A vs 1.09-fold in Group C) erythroid over myeloid bias in vitro. Notably, ERPs demonstrated exquisite TKI sensitivity compared to myeloid progenitors (p<0.001). These LSC features were lost with progressive resistance, and in patients who transformed, MYC- and IRF1-driven inflammatory regulons became evident. Patients with MMR also exhibited a 56-fold expansion (p<0.01) of a normally rare subset of hyperfunctional adaptive-like NK cells (CD57+NKG2C+) which diminished with progressive resistance, while patients destined for BC accumulated inhibitory NKG2A+ NK cells favoring NK cell tolerance (through HLA-E binding on target cells). Finally, we developed a parsimonious set of antibodies to validate our scRNA-seq findings. This panel will be useful in prospective studies of primary resistance, and assessing the contribution of predetermined versus acquired factors in TKI response heterogeneity.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2022017295
  25. Cancer Discov. 2023 Mar 01. pii: CD-21-0502. [Epub ahead of print]
    Reprogramming Cancer into Antigen Presenting Cells as a Novel Immunotherapy.
    Miles H Linde, Amy C Fan, Thomas Kohnke, Aaron C Trotman-Grant, Sarah F Gurev, Paul Phan, Feifei Zhao, Naomi L Haddock, Kevin A Nuno, Eric J Gars, Melissa Stafford, Payton L Marshall, Christopher G Dove, Ian L Linde, Niklas Landberg, Lindsay P Miller, Robbie G Majzner, Tian Yi Zhang, Ravindra Majeti.
      Therapeutic cancer vaccination seeks to elicit activation of tumor-reactive T cells capable of recognizing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and eradicating malignant cells. Here, we present a cancer vaccination approach utilizing myeloid lineage reprogramming to directly convert cancer cells into tumor reprogrammed-antigen presenting cells (TR-APCs). Using syngeneic murine leukemia models, we demonstrate that TR-APCs acquire both myeloid phenotype and function, process and present endogenous TAAs, and potently stimulate TAA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In vivo TR-APC induction elicits clonal expansion of cancer-specific T cells, establishes cancer-specific immune memory, and ultimately promotes leukemia eradication. We further show that both hematologic cancers and solid tumors, including sarcomas and carcinomas, are amenable to myeloid-lineage reprogramming into TR-APCs. Finally, we demonstrate the clinical applicability of this approach by generating TR-APCs from primary clinical specimens and stimulating autologous patient-derived T cells. Thus, TR-APCs represent a cancer vaccination therapeutic strategy with broad implications for clinical immuno-oncology.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0502
  26. Transpl Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 01. e14045
    Incidence of breakthrough fungal infections on isavuconazole prophylaxis compared to posaconazole and voriconazole.
    Sara A Scott, Cory Perry, Zahra Mahmoudjafari, Grace A Martin, Samuel Boyd, Jeffrey Thompson, Beth Thomas.
      BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a common infectious complication during the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or post hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). For these patients, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends posaconazole or voriconazole for IFI prophylaxis. In clinical practice, however, there has been increased use of isavuconazole due to favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters despite limited data for this indication. The comparative prophylactic efficacy of antifungals in this patient population has not been reported, and an analysis is warranted.METHODS: This retrospective, matched cohort, single-center study, included AML, MDS, or HCT patients who began treatment or underwent transplant between January 1, 2015 and July 31, 2021. Isavuconazole patients were matched 1:2 with patients receiving posaconazole or voriconazole prophylaxis.
    RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were included, 42 received isavuconazole, 81 received posaconazole, and three received voriconazole. The majority of patients were male receiving secondary IFI prophylaxis while receiving steroids for treatment of GVHD. The incidence of possible, probable or proven IFI was 16.7% in the isavuconazole group compared to 10.7% in the posaconazole and voriconazole group (OR 1.28, 95% CI -0.9-1.4; p = .67). Hepatotoxicity occurred in 16 total patients, 14 receiving posaconazole and two receiving isavuconazole.
    CONCLUSION: Patients who received isavuconazole prophylaxis during AML induction therapy or post-HCT experienced a similar incidence of breakthrough fungal infections compared to those who received posaconazole or voriconazole. These results suggest no difference in antifungal prophylactic efficacy; however larger prospective comparative studies are needed.
    Keywords:  AML; acute myeloid leukemia; alloHSCT; fungal prophylaxis; isavuconazole; posaconazole; stem cell transplant; voriconazole
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.14045
  27. Acta Haematol. 2023 Feb 27.
    Description of an institutional cohort of myeloid neoplasms carrying ETV6-locus deletions or ETV6 rearrangements.
    Vasiliki Papadopoulou, Jacqueline Schoumans, Ilaria Scarpelli, Sabine Blum.
      The gene encoding for transcription factor ETV6 presents recurrent lesions in hematologic neoplasms, most notably the ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement in childhood B-ALL. The role of ETV6 for normal hematopoiesis is unknown, but loss of its function probably participates in oncogenic procedures. In myeloid neoplasms, ETV6-locus (12p13) deletions are rare but recurrent; ETV6 translocations are even rarer, but those reported seem to have phenotype-defining consequences. We herein describe the genetic and hematologic profile of myeloid neoplasms with ETV6 deletions (10 cases), or translocations (4 cases) diagnosed in the last ten years in our institution. We find complex karyotype to be the most prevalent one among patients with 12p13 deletion (8/10 patients), with most frequent coexisting anomalies being monosomy 7 or deletion 7q32 (5/10), monosomy 5 or del5q14-15 (5/10) and deletion/inversion of chromosome 20 (5/10), and most frequent point-mutation being TP53 mutation (6/10 patients). Mechanisms of synergy of these lesions are unknown. We describe the entire genetic profile and hematologic phenotype of cases with extremely rare ETV6 translocations, confirming the biphenotypic T/myeloid nature of acute leukemia associated to ETV6-NCOA2 rearrangement, the association of t (1;12) (p36;p13) and of the CHIC2-ETV6 fusion with MDS/AML, and the association of the ETV6-ACSL6 rearrangement with myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia. Mutation of the intact ETV6 allele was present in two cases and seems to be subclonal to the chromosomal lesions. Decoding the mechanisms of disease related to ETV6 haploinsufficiency or rearrangements is important for the understanding of pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms and fundamental research must be guided by observational cues.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1159/000529844
  28. Dev Cell. 2023 Feb 27. pii: S1534-5807(23)00045-X. [Epub ahead of print]
    Endothelial and Leptin Receptor+ cells promote the maintenance of stem cells and hematopoiesis in early postnatal murine bone marrow.
    Nergis Kara, Yuanyuan Xue, Zhiyu Zhao, Malea M Murphy, Stefano Comazzetto, Ashley Lesser, Liming Du, Sean J Morrison.
      Mammalian hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) colonize the bone marrow during late fetal development, and this becomes the major site of hematopoiesis after birth. However, little is known about the early postnatal bone marrow niche. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse bone marrow stromal cells at 4 days, 14 days, and 8 weeks after birth. Leptin-receptor-expressing (LepR+) stromal cells and endothelial cells increased in frequency during this period and changed their properties. At all postnatal stages, LepR+ cells and endothelial cells expressed the highest stem cell factor (Scf) levels in the bone marrow. LepR+ cells expressed the highest Cxcl12 levels. In early postnatal bone marrow, SCF from LepR+/Prx1+ stromal cells promoted myeloid and erythroid progenitor maintenance, while SCF from endothelial cells promoted HSC maintenance. Membrane-bound SCF in endothelial cells contributed to HSC maintenance. LepR+ cells and endothelial cells are thus important niche components in early postnatal bone marrow.
    Keywords:  erythropoiesis; myelopoiesis; niche; stem cell factor; stromal cells
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.003
  29. Leuk Res. 2023 Feb 24. pii: S0145-2126(23)00037-1. [Epub ahead of print]127 107052
    Determinants of refined GvHD-free, relapse-free survival after reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with myeloid malignancies.
    Pavel Jindra, Michal Karas, Daniel Lysák, Jiří Šrámek, Kateřina Steinerová, Marcela Hrabětová, Alexandra Jungová.
      BACKGROUND: Older patients with AML/MDS have a poor prognosis with alloHCT as the only curative option. However alloHCT is challenging given its high TRM. Recently, a composite endpoint of GRFS was proposed to define transplant success. A single centre retrospective analysis was performed to determine the main variables influencing GRFS.PATIENTS AND METHODSMETHODS: 91 consecutive patients≥ 60 years (median 64 years, range 60-74) with AML/MDS who received reduced-intensity alloHCT during 2001-2017 analysed. Disease risk index (DRI) at HCT was low/intermediate in 47pts (52%) and high in 44 pts (48%).
    RESULTS: After median follow-up for survivors of 56 months (range 7-144), 37 (40.6%) patients were alive. The OS, LFS and GRFS were 61.4%, 58.1%, 49.1% at 1 year and 35.5%, 32.3% and 23.1% at 5 years, respectively. The 1-year and 5-year incidences of NRM and relapse were 26.9%, 21.3% and 47.9% and 35.4%, respectively. In univariate analysis, high DRI was the strongest factor for worse OS (HR 2.121; p = 0.049), LFS (HR 1.924; p = 0.0123) and GRFS (HR 2.319; p = 0.0005). The donor age ≥ 62 years had a negative impact on OS (HR 2.110; p = 0.0345) and GRFS (HR 2.014; p = 0.0341). High DRI (HR 2.652; p = 0.0003) and donor age (HR 2.304; p = 0.0257) retained its significance in multivariate analysis for GRFS.
    CONCLUSION: A significant portion of older patients with myeloid malignancies survive alloHCT without experiencing GRFS event with DRI as the main determinant of outcome. Negative impact of donor age≥ 62 years suggests preference of a young donor, regardless of being related or unrelated.
    Keywords:  AML; Allogeneic HCT; DRI; Donor; GRFS; MDS; Older
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2023.107052
  30. Elife. 2023 Mar 02. pii: e85464. [Epub ahead of print]12
    O-GlcNAc glycosylation orchestrates fate decision and niche function of bone marrow stromal progenitors.
    Zengdi Zhang, Zan Huang, Mohamed Awad, Mohammed Elsalanty, James Cray, Lauren E Ball, Jason C Maynard, Alma L Burlingame, Hu Zeng, Kim C Mansky, Hai-Bin Ruan.
      In mammals, interactions between the bone marrow (BM) stroma and hematopoietic progenitors contribute to bone-BM homeostasis. Perinatal bone growth and ossification provide a microenvironment for the transition to definitive hematopoiesis; however, mechanisms and interactions orchestrating the development of skeletal and hematopoietic systems remain largely unknown. Here, we establish intracellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification as a posttranslational switch that dictates the differentiation fate and niche function of early BM stromal cells (BMSCs). By modifying and activating RUNX2, O-GlcNAcylation promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and stromal IL-7 expression to support lymphopoiesis. In contrast, C/EBPβ-dependent marrow adipogenesis and expression of myelopoietic stem cell factor (SCF) is inhibited by O-GlcNAcylation. Ablating O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in BMSCs leads to impaired bone formation, increased marrow adiposity, as well as defective B-cell lymphopoiesis and myeloid overproduction in mice. Thus, the balance of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs is determined by reciprocal O-GlcNAc regulation of transcription factors, which simultaneously shapes the hematopoietic niche.
    Keywords:  biochemistry; chemical biology; developmental biology; mouse
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.85464
  31. Blood Rev. 2023 Feb 14. pii: S0268-960X(23)00016-4. [Epub ahead of print] 101055
    TP53 in AML and MDS: The new (old) kid on the block.
    Jennifer A Marks, Xin Wang, Elena M Fenu, Adam Bagg, Catherine Lai.
      MDS and AML are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders of increasing incidence, having a variable prognosis based, among others, on co-occurring molecular abnormalities. TP53 mutations are frequently detected in these myeloid neoplasms and portend a poor prognosis with known therapeutic resistance. This article provides a timely review of the complexity of TP53 alterations, providing updates in diagnosis and prognosis based on new 2022 International Consensus Classification (ICC) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The article addresses optimal testing strategies and reviews current and arising therapeutic approaches. While the treatment landscape for this molecular subgroup is under active development, further exploration is needed to optimize the care of this group of patients with unmet needs.
    Keywords:  Acute myeloid leukemia; International consensus classification; Myelodysplastic syndrome; TP53; World Health Organization
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2023.101055
  32. Science. 2023 Mar 03. 379(6635): 901-907
    USB1 is a miRNA deadenylase that regulates hematopoietic development.
    Ho-Chang Jeong, Siddharth Shukla, Wilson Chun Fok, Thao Ngoc Huynh, Luis Francisco Zirnberger Batista, Roy Parker.
      Mutations in the 3' to 5' RNA exonuclease USB1 cause hematopoietic failure in poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN). Although USB1 is known to regulate U6 small nuclear RNA maturation, the molecular mechanism underlying PN remains undetermined, as pre-mRNA splicing is unaffected in patients. We generated human embryonic stem cells harboring the PN-associated mutation c.531_delA in USB1 and show that this mutation impairs human hematopoiesis. Dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) levels in USB1 mutants during blood development contribute to hematopoietic failure, because of a failure to remove 3'-end adenylated tails added by PAPD5/7. Modulation of miRNA 3'-end adenylation through genetic or chemical inhibition of PAPD5/7 rescues hematopoiesis in USB1 mutants. This work shows that USB1 acts as a miRNA deadenylase and suggests PAPD5/7 inhibition as a potential therapy for PN.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8379
  33. Nat Commun. 2023 Mar 02. 14(1): 1187
    Dietary restriction of cysteine and methionine sensitizes gliomas to ferroptosis and induces alterations in energetic metabolism.
    Pavan S Upadhyayula, Dominique M Higgins, Angeliki Mela, Matei Banu, Athanassios Dovas, Fereshteh Zandkarimi, Purvi Patel, Aayushi Mahajan, Nelson Humala, Trang T T Nguyen, Kunal R Chaudhary, Lillian Liao, Michael Argenziano, Tejaswi Sudhakar, Colin P Sperring, Benjamin L Shapiro, Eman R Ahmed, Connor Kinslow, Ling F Ye, Markus D Siegelin, Simon Cheng, Rajesh Soni, Jeffrey N Bruce, Brent R Stockwell, Peter Canoll.
      Ferroptosis is mediated by lipid peroxidation of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl moieties. Glutathione, the key cellular antioxidant capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation via the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX-4), is generated directly from the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, and indirectly from methionine via the transsulfuration pathway. Herein we show that cysteine and methionine deprivation (CMD) can synergize with the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 to increase ferroptotic cell death and lipid peroxidation in both murine and human glioma cell lines and in ex vivo organotypic slice cultures. We also show that a cysteine-depleted, methionine-restricted diet can improve therapeutic response to RSL3 and prolong survival in a syngeneic orthotopic murine glioma model. Finally, this CMD diet leads to profound in vivo metabolomic, proteomic and lipidomic alterations, highlighting the potential for improving the efficacy of ferroptotic therapies in glioma treatment with a non-invasive dietary modification.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36630-w
  34. Nat Med. 2023 Mar 02.
    Codon-specific KRAS mutations predict survival benefit of trifluridine/tipiracil in metastatic colorectal cancer.
    Joris van de Haar, Xuhui Ma, Salo N Ooft, Pim W van der Helm, Louisa R Hoes, Sara Mainardi, David J Pinato, Kristi Sun, Lisa Salvatore, Giampaolo Tortora, Ina Valeria Zurlo, Silvana Leo, Riccardo Giampieri, Rossana Berardi, Fabio Gelsomino, Valeria Merz, Federica Mazzuca, Lorenzo Antonuzzo, Gerardo Rosati, Chara Stavraka, Paul Ross, Maria Grazia Rodriquenz, Michele Pavarana, Carlo Messina, Timothy Iveson, Federica Zoratto, Anne Thomas, Elisabetta Fenocchio, Margherita Ratti, Ilaria Depetris, Massimiliano Cergnul, Cristina Morelli, Michela Libertini, Alessandro Parisi, Michele De Tursi, Nicoletta Zanaletti, Ornella Garrone, Janet Graham, Raffaella Longarini, Stefania Maria Gobba, Angelica Petrillo, Emiliano Tamburini, Nicla La Verde, Fausto Petrelli, Vincenzo Ricci, Lodewyk F A Wessels, Michele Ghidini, Alessio Cortellini, Emile E Voest, Nicola Valeri.
      Genomics has greatly improved how patients with cancer are being treated; however, clinical-grade genomic biomarkers for chemotherapies are currently lacking. Using whole-genome analysis of 37 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with the chemotherapy trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI), we identified KRAS codon G12 (KRASG12) mutations as a potential biomarker of resistance. Next, we collected real-world data of 960 patients with mCRC receiving FTD/TPI and validated that KRASG12 mutations were significantly associated with poor survival, also in analyses restricted to the RAS/RAF mutant subgroup. We next analyzed the data of the global, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 RECOURSE trial (n = 800 patients) and found that KRASG12 mutations (n = 279) were predictive biomarkers for reduced overall survival (OS) benefit of FTD/TPI versus placebo (unadjusted interaction P = 0.0031, adjusted interaction P = 0.015). For patients with KRASG12 mutations in the RECOURSE trial, OS was not prolonged with FTD/TPI versus placebo (n = 279; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73-1.20; P = 0.85). In contrast, patients with KRASG13 mutant tumors showed significantly improved OS with FTD/TPI versus placebo (n = 60; HR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.15-0.55; P < 0.001). In isogenic cell lines and patient-derived organoids, KRASG12 mutations were associated with increased resistance to FTD-based genotoxicity. In conclusion, these data show that KRASG12 mutations are biomarkers for reduced OS benefit of FTD/TPI treatment, with potential implications for approximately 28% of patients with mCRC under consideration for treatment with FTD/TPI. Furthermore, our data suggest that genomics-based precision medicine may be possible for a subset of chemotherapies.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02240-8
  35. Haematologica. 2023 Mar 02.
    RNA helicase DHX15 exemplifies a unique dependency in acute leukemia.
    Hao Guo, Jin Xu, Peiqi Xing, Qilong Li, Donghai Wang, Chao Tang, Bruno Palhais, Juliette Roels, Jiaxu Liu, Sa Pan, Jinyan Huang, Zhaoqi Liu, Ping Zhu, Tom Taghon, Guoliang Qing, Pieter Van Vlierberghe, Hudan Liu.
      RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged as essential regulators to control gene expression and modulate multiple cancer traits. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy derived from transformation of T-cell progenitors that normally undergo discrete steps of differentiation in the thymus. Yet implications of essential RBPs during T-cell neoplastic transformation remain largely unclear. Systematic evaluation of RBPs identifies RNA helicase DHX15, which facilitates the disassembly of spliceosome and release of lariat introns, as a T-ALL dependency factor. Functional analysis using multiple murine T-ALL models demonstrates the essential importance of DHX15 in tumor cell survival and leukemogenesis. Moreover, single-cell transcriptomics reveals that DHX15 depletion in T-cell progenitors hinders burst proliferation during CD4-CD8-(DN)-to-CD4+CD8+(DP) transition. Mechanistically, abrogation of DHX15 perturbs RNA splicing and leads to diminished levels of SLC7A6 and SLC38A5 transcripts due to intron retention, thereby suppressing glutamine import and mTORC1 activity. We further propose a DHX15 signature modulator drug ciclopirox and demonstrate prominent anti-T-ALL efficacy. Collectively, we here highlight the functional contribution of DHX15 to leukemogenesis through regulation of established oncogenic pathways. These findings also suggest a promising therapeutic approach that splicing perturbation by targeting spliceosome disassembly may achieve considerable anti-tumor efficacy.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.282066
  36. Cell Metab. 2023 Feb 22. pii: S1550-4131(23)00012-8. [Epub ahead of print]
    NRF2 activation induces NADH-reductive stress, providing a metabolic vulnerability in lung cancer.
    Tommy Weiss-Sadan, Maolin Ge, Makiko Hayashi, Magdy Gohar, Cong-Hui Yao, Adriaan de Groot, Stefan Harry, Alexander Carlin, Hannah Fischer, Lei Shi, Ting-Yu Wei, Charles H Adelmann, Konstantin Wolf, Tristan Vornbäumen, Benedikt R Dürr, Mariko Takahashi, Marianne Richter, Junbing Zhang, Tzu-Yi Yang, Vindhya Vijay, David E Fisher, Aaron N Hata, Marcia C Haigis, Raul Mostoslavsky, Nabeel Bardeesy, Thales Papagiannakopoulos, Liron Bar-Peled.
      Multiple cancers regulate oxidative stress by activating the transcription factor NRF2 through mutation of its negative regulator, KEAP1. NRF2 has been studied extensively in KEAP1-mutant cancers; however, the role of this pathway in cancers with wild-type KEAP1 remains poorly understood. To answer this question, we induced NRF2 via pharmacological inactivation of KEAP1 in a panel of 50+ non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Unexpectedly, marked decreases in viability were observed in >13% of the cell lines-an effect that was rescued by NRF2 ablation. Genome-wide and targeted CRISPR screens revealed that NRF2 induces NADH-reductive stress, through the upregulation of the NAD+-consuming enzyme ALDH3A1. Leveraging these findings, we show that cells treated with KEAP1 inhibitors or those with endogenous KEAP1 mutations are selectively vulnerable to Complex I inhibition, which impairs NADH oxidation capacity and potentiates reductive stress. Thus, we identify reductive stress as a metabolic vulnerability in NRF2-activated lung cancers.
    Keywords:  NADH/NAD(+); NRF2-KEAP1 pathway; functional genomic; non-small cell lung cancer; oxidative phosphorylation; reductive stress
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.012
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